Ted Bundy The Biography Of A Serial Killer Essays - Ted Bundy

Ted Bundy: The Biography of a Serial Killer March 11, 1999 Ted Bundy: A Biography of a Serial Killer INTRODUCTION University educated serial sex killer whose good looks and charm enabled him to lure at least 30 young women to their deaths. Handsome, intelligent, socially recognized, Ted Bundy had been a law student, Boy Scout, a college degree with a major in psychology, involved in a Washington State party politics, and even served as a counselor at the Seattle Crisis Center. The public personality of Ted Bundy suggested nothing of the serial killer he truly was. IN THE BEGINNING After spending the last remaining months of her pregnancy at a home for unwed mothers, 22 year old Eleanor Louise Cowell gave birth to her son, Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946. Ted's natural father, Lloyd Marshall, who was an air force veteran, was unknown to him for the rest of his life. Shortly after the birth, he and his mother moved to Philadelphia to live with Eleanor's parents, who he would later refer to as mother and father. This plan allowed Eleanor to escape any harsh criticism and prejudice for being an unwed mother. Theodore grew up referring to his own mother as his older sister. At the age of four, Ted moved to Tacoma, Washington, with his natural mother to live with relatives. They legally changed their names to Theodore Robert Nelson and Louise Cowell. One year later, Louise married a cook by the name of Johnnie Culpepper Bundy, whose last name Ted would assume for the rest of his life. Louise and Johnnie had four other siblings who Ted spent much of his time babysitting. Ted and his new father never took to each other, despite Johnnie's attempts at camping and other father-son activities. The only man he would ever look up to was his grandfather who lived in Pennsylvania, and yet he was forced to leave him to move to a strange place. Throughout school, Ted was terribly shy and was often teased by bullies. However, he was able to maintain a high grade point average that would continue through high school and college. He didn't date much, but occupied his time elsewhere with interests in skiing and politics. In 1965, Ted graduated and won a scholarship to the University of Puget Sound and in 1966 he transferred to the University of Washington to study Chinese. He was often thought unreliable; floating through one low-level job after another. He still continued to maintain a high grade point average. In 1967, Ted met a beautiful woman by the name of Stephanie Brooks. He was everything he had ever dreamed in a woman. She was raised in a high class Californian family, and was highly sophisticated and wealthy. Although they had many differences, they both loved to ski and it was during their many ski trips that they began to fall in love. Stephanie was the first woman Ted was ever involved with sexually. However, Stephanie was not as infatuated with Ted as he was with her. She liked him, but believed that he had no real direction or future goals. She wanted someone who would fit in her lifestyle. Ted tried too hard to impress her, even if that meant lying, something which she disagreed with. In 1968, after graduating from the University of Washington, Stephanie broke up her relationship with Ted. Ted never recovered from the break up. His life started to fall apart as he dropped out of school and stopped participating in the things he enjoyed. But Ted was obsessed with her and he couldn't get her out of his mind. It was an obsession that would span his lifetime and lead to a series of events that would shock the world. THE TIME OF CHANGE Shortly after his breakup, he found out his true parentage. During this time of life, he changed from a shy character to a more focused and domineering one. He suddenly became driven to prove himself and possibly Stephanie, that he could do what ever he wanted to. He re-enrolled at the University of Washington and studied psychology. Bundy became an honors student and was well liked by his professors. During this time, Ted met Meg Anders, a woman whom he would be involved

The Shaping of Popular Consent essayEssay Writing Service

The Shaping of Popular Consent essayEssay Writing Service The Shaping of Popular Consent essay The Shaping of Popular Consent essayAbraham Lincoln is one of the most prominent American political leaders. He is a unique person who contributed to the development of the American nation. Abraham Lincoln had almost no previous military experience before his entering the White House. Nevertheless, he managed to succeed as a military leader, when he assumed the powers of the U.S. Commander in Chief. His strategic insight, his leadership skills, and his will to fight helped him to change the course of the Civil War† and save the Union.1 Researchers utilized a wide range of sources, including archival documents, biographies, literary works and poems, paintings, sculpture and engravings, to evaluate the role of Lincoln in American history. Abraham Lincoln is represented as the savior of the American nation, the greatest emancipator, â€Å"man of the people†, the first American and self-made man. Abraham Lincoln was born in poverty, but managed to get self-education.2 He was the first American President, who was born and raised in the U.S. He gave freedom to the slaves. Besides, he demonstrated his virtues, e.g. honesty, simplicity and self-confidence. Abraham Lincoln’s historical speeches glorify the â€Å"virtues of property ownership, individual freedom and American democracy.†3 Thesis Statement: Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, led the Civil War, protected the federal territorial integrity, abolished slavery to promote equality. Lincoln was an outstanding person whose place in the U. S. history cannot be taken by anyone else. The major goal of this paper is to analyze the historical significance of Abraham Lincoln for the United States, paying special attention to his role in the Civil War.Abraham Lincoln: some facts from his biography Abraham Lincoln, the 16-th President of the United States of America, was born in 1809. According to researchers, he was born â€Å"in a log cabin on a barren farm in the backw oods of Kentucky, about three miles west of a place called Hedgesville in what is now La Rue County.†4 In 1811, his family moved to a farm Knob Creek. In 1831, he served as a pilot. In 1834, he ran for the House of Representatives, Illinois. In 1836, he entered John Stuart’s law school. In 1842, he married. His wife was Mary Todd. In 1861, Lincoln was elected president and the Civil war began. In 1863, he used the Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was reelected president. In 1865, the Civil War ended. In 1865, on April 14, Lincoln was shot by his opponents.The key events that shaped Abraham Lincoln’s life  and influenced his decisions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several events that shaped Abraham Lincoln’s life and influenced his decisions. Some of these events led him to making history changing accomplishments. When Lincoln was 9, his mother died. The boy experienced loss, but he did not give up. He was affected by the imp act of loss throughout his childhood years. In 1832, Abraham Lincoln served in the Black Hawk War.   He was one of those soldiers who joined the independent military units. Abraham Lincoln joined the independent spy company of Jacob Early that major goal of which â€Å"to operate separately of the three brigades of the new army.†5 In 1831-1837, Abraham Lincoln lived and worked in New Salem, Illinois.   This period in his life played a crucial role in his further career. These years could be defined as â€Å"the Vanity Fair of his life†, the time for searching, of disengaging from Mother and Father, and of extending the tendrils of his mind.†6 Self-education helped Lincoln in his political career and in his decision making. This period of self-educations provided Lincoln with massive opportunities in finding answers to many serious questions. He was growing intellectually because he used literature, read Shakespeare and many other classic authors. In 1850, Lin coln’s son died of tuberculosis. This event was a blow to Lincoln. His decision was to refer to God. Lincoln came to the conclusion that everything that happened in his life was God’s will. Lincoln felt self-confidence. He was ready to continue his struggle to never give up. Since that time, Lincoln followed the religious philosophy that all people are created equal. In 1861, Lincoln was elected president. He said, â€Å"You have no oath registered in Heaven to destroy the government, while I have the most solemn one to â€Å"preserve, protect and defend it.†7The role of Abraham Lincoln in the Civil War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abraham Lincoln played an important role in the Civil War. He expressed the major war aims, followed the proper strategies and contributed to the success of the North in war. In 1860, during the 16-th presidential election, the Republican Party led by Abraham Lincoln demonstrated its opposition to the expansion of sla very into the territories of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln won the elections, but before Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861, several states refused to support his political views. As a result, seven states wanted to keep slavery through the formation of the Confederacy. The Civil War was one of the first industrial wars, in which railroads, the telegraph services, steamships operations, and mass production of weapons were widely used. Abraham Lincoln demonstrated the best traits of his character to unite people to fight against slavery. He was â€Å"more successful in communicating with the people, more skillful as a political leader in keeping factions working together for the war effort, better able to endure criticism and work with his critics to achieve a common goal† than the leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis.8Lincoln’s greatest speeches reflect his political decisions, morality, and self-representation. He was an excellent orator. The Gettysburg A ddress is one of his well-known speeches in American history. The Gettysburg Address was delivered during the Civil War, on November 19, 1863, several months after the defeat of the Confederacy army at the Battle of Gettysburg by the Union armies. Here is the first part of the speech, which reflects Lincoln’s role in the Civil War:Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.9Lincoln’s speech lasted just two minutes, he red only ten lines, but as an excellent orator, h e managed to sum up the key values and ideals that would help to create one of the most powerful economies of the world. The U. S. President spoke about American independence, about the role of freedom for the Nation. Abraham Lincoln could be viewed as the proponent of peace, as he spoke about the end to the Civil War. The Gettysburg Address was an important tool to ensure the Nation’s commitment to democratic ideals. Abraham Lincoln placed emphasis on equal justice, providing unfaltering resolution and establishing democracy.Abraham Lincoln as a historical hero  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abraham Lincoln can be viewed as a historical hero. In fact, Americans glorified no historical hero more than the U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. As a Commander in Chief, Abraham Lincoln preserved the Union and as a Chief Executive, he â€Å"put a fragile Union back together and ended slavery.†10 The contribution of Abraham Lincoln’s leadership style to the vic tory in the Civil Way influenced successor generations of American citizens in preserving the established values and legacies. The preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery are two major contributions of the U.S. President Lincoln. As a emancipator of slaves, Abraham Lincoln can be regarded as a national hero. On September 22, 1862, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, in which he said,That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundredand sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.11Although t he Confederate did not end the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln signed the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in order to turn the war around, fighting for the preservation of the Union and abolition of slavery. The emancipation of slaves in the U.S. led to the Reconstruction Era.Although Abraham Lincoln was criticized, he succeeded as president and his political decisions and actions led to the numerous decisive battlefield outcomes and confirmed his success as an honest person and powerful political leaders. The Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. can be viewed as â€Å"public confirmation of the judgment of scholars† that this political leader stands for the model of democratic leadership.12 The contributions of Abraham Lincoln to the American nation help to assess his greatness in terms of his presidency, his leadership style and political decisions. Abraham Lincoln’s political strategy was aimed at addressing slavery and ensuring freedom. His role as emancipator has been highly valued by further generation. In general, Abraham Lincoln’s fame is â€Å"a growing fame, not a fading fame.†13During the Civil War, he managed to effectively use the power of government, which included both the political power and military force. His political decisions and actions were based on the equality principle. Today millions of Americans continue to honor the U.S. President Lincoln for his patriotism. He is highly recognized as an anti-slavery leader who was focused on the liberation of millions of Americans. Besides, he is known as a good moral leader. His ethical politics of a moral political leader depended on religious principles. Lincoln was often named as Father Lincoln. His nickname is closely connected with the Bible and biblical principles. In other words, Lincoln was called the father of the Nation as he gave freedom to Americans.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Abraham Lincoln is a historical hero who contributed to the development of the American Nation. Abraham Lincoln can be viewed as the greatest president of the 19-th century who helped Americans to enhance the negative effects of the national crisis, guiding the country torn by war. Abraham Lincoln is considered to be one of the greatest national heroes due to his huge impact on the nation, the national values and his amazing appeal. Undoubtedly, the unexpected tragic death at the period of time when he held an important post and his country needed his talent to complete the greatest tasks of the nation, had a strong impact on the public. People did not want to stop their fighting for freedom. Actually, Abraham Lincoln’s personality and his historical role as the savior of the Union and as the emancipator of the slaves established a legacy that continues today. Besides, his expression of democratic principles, and his support for the Union embody the true ideals of self-government that pract ically all nations strive to obtain today. In general, Abraham Lincoln could win the Civil War, one of the bloodiest wars, which reflected the greatest political crisis of the nation. The preservation of the Union, abolition of slavery gave way to the strengthening of the national government and modernization of the U. S. economy.

Marketing case analaysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing case analaysis - Essay Example Some of this increase can be funded by savings in expenses on seminars and face-to-face promotion, but the future potential of the strategy recommendation justifies even a decline by about 2 percentage points of profitability to about 15%. 1. The outsourcing movement shows that all organizations in mature economies are under pressures to control costs. Governments in countries which are members of the World Trade Organization cannot protect their domestic work forces against this transfer of jobs to low labor cost markets. This also creates opportunities for new systems in start-up companies in emerging countries, anxious to exploit the outsourcing opportunity. 2. Stock market regulators are under political pressure to ensure corporate governance for minority share holder protection. Small and medium enterprises which want to approach the markets for capital need to conform to stringent requirements, especially in the United States. 1. The global demand for software engineers and services exceeds supply. Hence, recruitment and retention of key human resources are critical issues for Information Technology companies. Qualified people have high expectations, not just in remuneration terms, but with respect to professional challenges. Overall, the external environment is favorable for companies such as Signifo to improve on their past growth rates and profitability. However, new products and services will be required, and companies with narrow geographical spread could be swamped. Significant players in the markets of tomorrow must be flexible, responsive, and global, to remain in business as independent entities. Signifo is a niche company with a well-defined brand, but with an insignificant share of just about 1% of the world market in which it participates. It caters mainly to small and medium companies in its home

Terrorist Attacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terrorist Attacks - Essay Example ulations, government, domestic intelligence collection and also the exchange of information collected by foreign and domestic agencies was determined by a strict and rigid set of rules. These strict and rigid set of rules prevented intelligence information from being collected for the purpose of law enforcement. As a result, this created difficulties in sharing of the criminal justice –derived data and information with other agencies (Lebovic, 2006). When terrorist were captured either in US soil or overseas they were accorded rights and treatment like any other criminal defendant (Rockmore, 2011). This system which was adopted to deal with terrorist activities was weak and inadequate in addressing the Americas needs to have a strong system to prevent terrorist attack in its soil. This was evident in 2001, September 11 attack and the consequent vague investigations that followed. It was the inability to coordinate information collected that led to failure to identify patterns of behavior that might have indicated the early warnings of attack. Also, due to those strict rules that were to be followed in courtroom made, it hard for the government to detain a terrorist even after identifying him. In the wake of September 11 attacks, by then president Bush administration worked day and night to update some of the rules that governed terrorism approach by the U.S.A. The government formed homeland security project to inform the public and policy makers about the complex challenges related to responding and preventing domestic terrorism. Secondly, the government allowed the revision of electronic surveillance rules to allow permission to intercept individuals even in case they changed phones frequently. They also implemented rules to allow routine collection of traveler’s financial information. They implemented U.S visit program that captures fingerprint from all foreign travelers entering Unite States. The government also exercised its right under the Chicago

Describe a situation where you saw an opportunity to affect change Essay

Describe a situation where you saw an opportunity to affect change. Explain the change, your stategy, and the final outcome of t - Essay Example Sometimes, persons like me who are students and have to manage within small budget feel really bad if they are not able to contribute to the cause. So I wrote to the head of the supermarket regarding the issue. I was advised to raise the issue through a petition where signatures of people are required to make significant change. I started the petition with few of my friends and collected signatures from people who believed in our cause. Though my petition failed to get the requisite number of signatures, it taught me very important lesson in collective work and significance of people’s voice. The collective voice of people is a powerful factor that can force organizations to change their strategies. Organizations like YBWS that work towards socially relevant issues and community development can greatly facilitate in implementing changes within society. As a member, I can contribute through my personal experience and professional expertise. I believe that my deep understanding of human psychology and leadership initiatives would provide the organization with new perspectives to change and greater organizational skill. (words: 281)

Stages of Alzheimers Utilizing Machine Learning Techniques

Stages of Alzheimers Utilizing Machine Learning Techniques Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the general type of dementia that affects the elderly population globally. An accurate and early diagnosis of Alzheimer is crucial for the treatment of patients suffering from AD. In this paper, two different classifiers, SVM (Support Vector Machine) and an ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) have been employed to classify patients between AD control, mild control and normal control. The system employed MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) data obtained from the ADNI dataset of 150 subjects consisting of 75 normal controls, 50 mild controls and 25 AD controls. Initially, image processing techniques like segmentation and feature extraction are applied on these MRI images to enhance the classification accuracy. The segmentation is performed using k-means clustering and a GLCM (Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix) are used to extract the 2D features of the left ventricle of the brain. The extracted features are then utilized to train the classifiers and the results obtained from both classifiers are then compared. It is shown that the classification accuracy of ANFIS is more when compared to that of SVM classifier. Keywords: Alzheimer, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System), SVM (Support Vector Machine). 1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative syndrome [1] of the brain tissues that results in progressive and permanent loss of mental function. The disease generally starts with mild indications and ends with severe damage in brain. The pathophysiology of the disease is associated with the damage and death of the neurons, originating in the hippocampus region of the brain that is involved with learning and memory, then atrophy impacts the whole brain. According to epidemiological information Alzheimer affects approximately 26 million people all over the world. In order to give proper care to AD patients, it is vital to measure the amount of atrophy present in the cerebral cortex during the initial stages of AD. The early detection of these diseases can greatly enhance diagnosis. But, diagnosis of this disease depends on the history, neuropsychological tests and clinical assessment. However, the clinical assessment is biased and the neuropsychological test does not provide high accuracy for early stage detection of the disease. In addition to neuropsychological analysis, structural imaging is greatly utilized in order to provide support to AD diagnosis. The whole brain approach utilized for describing the brain atrophy might be capable of differentiating between AD and MCI (mild cognitive impairment) patients. Recent researches [1, 2] show that the analysis of brain scan images is more consistent and subtle in identifying the presence of Alzheimer’s disease than the conventional cognitive assessment. In this circumstance, several machine learning approaches have been presented in order to perform neuroimaging analysis for classification of AD. In addition, all these approaches require training sets that is well categorized structure in order to classify each new subject that belongs to the test set. Recently MRI data have become center of several machine learning techniques for classifying subjects as CN vs. AD or CN vs. MCI. The focus of this paper is to classify between the different stages of AD utilizing machine learning techniques. Here, all the MRI brain scan images are segmented using k means clustering and the 2D shape features of the ventricles are obtained using GLCM based feature extraction. Then the extracted features are utilized for classification. First, an SVM based classifier is employed to classify the test data into three categories: normal, mild and AD. Second, an ANFIS based classifier is utilized for classification. Finally, the results of the two classifiers are compared and have been shown that ANFIS classifier outperforms SVM classifier. 2. Related Works Alzheimer’s disease (AD) classification is vital for early detection and diagnosis of the disease. Several studies explored machine learning techniques and artificial intelligence for detecting the cerebral changes and differentiate between normal aging and AD patients [1-3]. In [4] a support vector machine (SVM) based machine learning approach has been utilized for automatic classification entire brain anatomical MRI data to differentiate between elderly control and AD control patients. In this study, 16 patients with AD control and 22 patients with elderly control were used. Depending upon the gray matter characteristics extracted from region of interest (ROI), the SVM algorithm is used for classifying the subjects and the arithmetic procedures are based on bootstrap resampling in order to ensure the strength of the results. In [5] a local patch based subspace ensemble approach has been proposed that constructs several different classifiers depending on the various subsets of local patches and they are combined for robust and more accurate classification. Here, every brain image is segmented into number of local patches and the subset of patches is selected from the patch pool and a sparse representation based classifier technique has been used in order to construct a weak classifier. The multiple weak classifiers are then combined for making final decision. [6] A framework for classifying Alzheimer’s disease utilizing ADNI dataset is presented. The framework fuses overlap based and registration based similarity measures that are enhanced employing a self-smoothing operator. These enhanced metrics are then employed for the classification of Alzheimer disease. In [7] an automatic classification system for recognizing AD in MRI (structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging) has been developed. The system utilizes visual content description of anatomical brain structure (hippocampal region) and fuses two biomarkers CSF and hippocampus in order to enhance the classification accuracy. It is shown that the classification accuracy is more in case of fusion than when utilizing CSF volume or visual features separately. In [8] support vector machines (SVM) were assessed to determine whether data combined from various scanners would provide effective classification. Here, a linear SVM has been employed to classify GM (grey matter) portion of T1 weighted MR image. The results show that about 96% of clinically verified AD patients were accurately classified exploiting the entire brain image. [9] Classified between healthy, MCI and AD patients with the help of support vector machine (SVM). The author also analyzed the accuracy of classification when several a natomical brain regions and various image modalities are combined. Therefore, global and regional grey matter, regional asymmetry coefficients, Ti- quantitative MRI data and regional with matter volumes are combined. It shows that an accuracy of 88.3% in case of CTL vs. AD and 81.8 % in case of CTL vs. MCI was attained. In [10] a binary SVM has been proposed to classify patients between mild cognitive impairment and elderly control subjects from MRI images. This approach utilized a Java Agent DEvelopement Framework (JADE) in order to reduce the computation time. 3. Materials and Methods In this section, the data set and methods utilized in this study as well as the description of the proposed framework depicted in fig 1 are presented. 3.1 Subjects The data employed in this study were obtained from ADNI (Alzheimers disease Neuroimaging Initiative) database [11]. ADNI utilizes biomarker measures and neuroimaging in order to track the changes taking places in the brain of the subjects under study for diagnosing AD at an early stage. Fig 1 Block Diagram of the step involved in the classification of stages of AD 3.2 Image Preprocessing The collected T1 weighted MRI images were free from noise, missing data and outliers. In preprocessing step all the MRI brain images are segmented into VM, GM, CSF and Ventricle tissues that represent vital information about brain degeneration disease. A clustering based segmentation approach has been employed for this purpose. The k means clustering is exploited in order to extract the VM, GM and CSF features the entire MRI brain image. It partitions the data points into k clusters [12] based on the inherent distance between the data points. The intent is to minimize inter cluster variance. For a healthy MRI brain image, k is usually three (corresponding to grey matter, white matter and CSF). After segmenting the MRI brain images into GM, WM and CSF, morphological operations are applied to obtain the binary ventricle tissue. Here, morphological operators such as erosion and dilution are applied. 3.3 Feature Extraction In order to accurately classify AD patients ventricle shape features are extracted. In this work, the 2D shape features are extracted from the ventricles based on Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) feature extraction. This method computes the co-occurrence matrix of each image present in the database by calculating how frequently pixel x with certain intensity value take place in relation with other pixel y at a specific orientation ÃŽ ¸ and distance d. The eleven features calculated from every co-occurrence matrix, generates set of feature vectors. These feature vectors include contrast, homogeneity, energy, correlation, mean, variance, rectangularity, elongation, circularity, area and perimeter and listed in table 1. Table 1: Extracted Features

A Soldier :: essays research papers

As I sat and thought about what would catch and hold a reader by the nose, an old picture on the wall distracted me. It's not much of a picture, just a group of guys at work in a rather desolate place. This picture has rather special meaning to me, and carries with it a whole assortment of memories. The unknown is always worse then the known. Don't listen to rumors or try to imagine what it's like here. This is a modern sophisticated, highly technical, well-planned war. One I am sure I will return safely from. This war is not what is seen on television or talked about sitting at your favorite watering hole. This is a war that must be fought here and now, not based on past victories or failures. This truly is a war unlike any ever fought, yet a fight the world cannot turn away or hide from. We are here to insure the right of people to live in peace without fear of a more belligerent nation stripping the thin veneer of civilization away from them. A veneer that has been carefully nurtured for thousands of years to protect us from our more primitive instincts and ourselves. The rights and freedoms of innocent people have been infringed upon and the world..no, I cannot turn my head and walk away. Yes, my chosen profession is that of a soldier. A soldier by definition trains to be proficient in war and in the ability to cause destruction in the most efficient way possible. Perhaps this is why the soldier is also the one who most hates war and fighting. It is he who must carry the burden, endure the hardships, the pain, and the anguish of being the bringer of destruction. This same soldier who after months of living in a hostile environment, surviving the manmade hell of a modern battlefield can often be seen giving food or perhaps his last bit of hoarded chocolate to a small child. A child that has also survived the horror of war. Yet, I go forward in the morning with a light heart. Knowing that what I feel is shared by thousands of other soldiers. These same soldiers that I may be asked to kill in a matter of a few days. For part of a soldier is the bond or link that exists between themselves. For these professionals know each other by sight.

How important does the coal trade appear to have been in the development of the port of Whitehaven from 1700 until 1900?

To do this part of the assignment I visited Whitehaven harbour to try and find evidence to answer this question. On this visit we went to many different places around the harbour that we thought would have a connection to the coal trade and the harbour. First, we visited the lime tongue, the name tells us that they imported lime for the iron industry and unloaded it on this pier. There is also another pier called the Sugar tongue, the name tells me that they imported sugar and unloaded it onto this pier. From this we can tell that goods were also imported into the port of Whitehaven. I know that from my background knowledge of coal that it would not have been possible to unload the coal onto either of these piers because they are too thin to unload heavy, bulky coal. To support the evidence further of having other exports and imports, we found drawings and inscriptions on benches down the lime tongue. These drawings included coal that we know was exported, tobacco that was imported from Virginia, timber which was imported from North America for the coal industry to be used as pit props and fish were exported. We also found the old Custom House, pictured right, which tells us that goods did come in to the port of Whitehaven and people had to pay custom duties on them. From all this evidence I can deduce that not only was coal exported from Whitehaven Harbour but other goods were also exported and imported into the port. By looking down at the harbour I could see that it was a very suitable place to have an inlet. The harbour has a big headland to protect it from prevailing winds and the size of the harbour would be very good for small boats. Another reason that it was a good place for an inlet is because it would have been a way of bringing business and money to the town of Whitehaven so they would get something back in return for building the harbour. From looking at the harbour I could see that it was quite small, not very wide, not very deep and wouldn't be suitable for bigger boats. This would be a problem for Whitehaven harbour, as by the 1870's steam ships were replacing the sailing ships. These steam ships were longer, wider, deeper and could carry more than the sailing ships which would mean that they wouldn't be able to get into the harbour so they wouldn't be able to load up the coal. By looking across the sea and from my background knowledge I think that most of the coal from Whitehaven went across the sea to Ireland. This could be especially to Dublin since this was Britain's second largest city in the eighteenth century. It could have also been taken to the Isle of Man since this is also only across the sea. Whitehaven harbour has only had the lock gates for about ten years, so before this boats could only come in and out of the harbour at high tide. As you can see from the picture, on the left, which I found in an old newspaper, the harbour would have been mud at low tide, so the boats would have been unable to move. From this I can tell that the Harbour must have stopped developing for the lock gates not to have been installed earlier, because the lock gates have been a big improvement to the harbour meaning boats can leave and enter the harbour when they wish. Whitehaven's hinterland extended to surrounding places like Egremont and most of West Cumbria because the roads were so bad this made more people want to transport the coal by boat. Before we went on the trip to Whitehaven we watched a video called ‘Sail to Steam' which showed the port of Liverpool and showed how its hinterland grew especially after the coming of the railways. Having watched this video I think one reason why Whitehaven's hinterland stopped growing was because Liverpool was taking trade away from Whitehaven. This was because it was a more accessible port for the bigger ships and also because Liverpool had lock gates, which meant ships, could go in and out of the harbour when they needed to. By looking at the map of the ‘building of the harbour' I can see that most of the harbour developed between 1693 and 1833 which is just about the period we are looking at. I think coal could have played a big part in the development of the harbour because this was about the time when coal mining was becoming popular in Whitehaven. They also needed a way to transport the coal from Whitehaven to places where they needed it, so they kept developing the harbour as the coal industry was developing and growing. The extra piers were built for the loading of coal when extra space was needed around the harbour for the various ships to land and wait to be loaded. This must have seemed an extremely good idea because then they could transport the coal to Ireland, which had little or no coal and was only over the channel. When we were walking around the harbour we found an old canon, which must have once been used to defend the port, this is pictured on the right. This tells me that Whitehaven's coal trade must have been very valuable for it to have been protected.e found some models linked to the story of John Paul Jones, which aren't really relevant to this assignment because they have nothing to do with the coal We also had an extract of John Paul Jones' diary to look at, in this extract it said about all the ships in the harbour (over one hundred) at low tide were unable to move because of the mud. This shows that in 1778 the harbour was very busy but there was a problem with low tides making boats unable to move. We also went to look for any evidence of warehouses and railway lines around the harbour but couldn't find any. We know they were once there because we have seen an old photograph of them. This suggests that Whitehaven's port has declined in industry because otherwise the warehouses would still be there but I wouldn't have expected any evidence of the railway lines. This is because the railways would not have been needed anymore once the coal mining had stopped. This then suggests to me that as the coal mining industry declined so did the amount of industry going in and out of the port. This tells me that coal mining had a big effect on Whitehaven's port and was also very important to it. From the graph I drew on the rise and fall of Whitehaven port I can see that the peak of the coal exported was in 1835, when the amount of coal exported was 459 thousand tons. After this date the amount of coal exported began to fall. This tells me that either the coal was being transported by another means of transport, such as the railways, or not as much coal was being mined in Whitehaven. Either way this tells me that the coal exports out of the port of Whitehaven was decreasing. On the visit we looked for evidence of drift mines (or adits), which are mines cut into the side of a hill held up by pit props, but we couldn't see any. This will have been because drift mines weren't very deep because of faulting, the risk of flooding and the danger of a roof fall so many of the drift mines will have collapsed and will have been flattened over. Also quite a few of the drift mines were on Mount Pleasant which is where later they built the houses for the coal miners to live. I also looked for evidence of straithes but couldn't find any. Straithes were used to load coal from trucks onto boats quickly, they were particularly important to the port of Whitehaven, which was tidal, because they needed to load the boats quickly to get them in and out on the same tide. The straithes will have been removed because they will have been no longer needed because there is no coal trade in Whitehaven now. We also went to look at Mount Pleasant, which is where all the miners lived but now there are no houses there. This would be because they would be no longer needed, because as the coal trade decreased fewer people would be employed so they didn't need the housing facilities. Mount Pleasant used to have 200 terraced houses, which were homes to 1825 people. Mount Pleasant was not far away from any of the mines so this would have made it very convenient for the workers to get to work. On the visit we went to look at the Duke pit fan house. We know this is connected to coal mining because Duke pit means there is coal. The job of the fan house was very important, it was to circulate the air down the mine. By looking at this picture of the fan house I have calculated that the actual size of the fan wheel would have been about 20-25ft wide. This tells me that it was a big pit, which would have had lots of coal to mine and would have had lots of employee's. As we were walking along I noticed evidence of an old railway incline, as you can see from the pictures the railway line would have ran from Haig pit down to the harbour for the coal to be loaded onto ships. This would have made it very easy to transport the coal. Although Haig pit operated after the period that I am investigating, it leads me to believe that other pits will have had railways or wagon ways down to the harbour. This will be because the harbour is not very far away from any of the mines and it would cost too much to transport the heavy coal on land especially since the roads were so bad. As we walked towards the Wellington pit entrance I found lots of covered over air vents. These air vents will have been used to get fresh air into the mines, which is a very important thing to have in a mine. We visited the entrance to Wellington pit, where I noticed a plaque on the wall telling me that the pit operated between 1840-1933. These dates during the pit was working are significant because it worked for nearly one hundred years. This is a very long time for a mine to work, so this tells me that the mine must have been big, and must have lots of coal to mine. Also to back up this evidence is the diagram ‘Underneath Wellington Pit', this shows that the pit was very deep and had lots of coal seams, which were quite wide. Wellington pit is very close to the harbour (about 100 yards) this tells me that this would have been the most convenient and cost effective way of transporting the coal to wherever it had to go. Wellington pit is also very close to Duke pit, which suggests that they could have been linked. I also went to look at the candlestick chimney, which is called this because it looks like a candlestick. If you look at the picture you can see that the chimney is very tall, this suggests to me that it is not only an air vent but also it was an exit for poisonous gases. This is so that the gases went higher than Mount Pleasant, which is where all the miners lived so that the miners did not get poisoned. I also found evidence that there were mining disasters on a plaque on the wall near Wellington pit. It told me that in 1910, 136 people died in the Wellington Pit disaster. This tells me that coal mining was very dangerous. Also, other evidence that shows us mining was dangerous is the building called the mission which used to be the hospital. This suggests that there must have been a number of accidents for a hospital to have been this close to the mines. If I had time then it would have been interesting to look for some of the remains of other pits that have something significant about them. The King Pit is interesting because in 1793 it was the deepest coal mine, as it was about 960ft deep. The Haig pit would have been interesting because it was the last pit to have been operating in the area and it went 7 miles under the sea. The Saltom pit would have been interesting because it was the first mine to mine coal under the sea. From all of this evidence I have come to a number of conclusions. I have concluded that coal was the main export and was exported in large quantities. There were also different imports at different times between 1700 and 1900. The evidence that proves this is the old customhouse where the imports had to pay custom duties on the goods imported also the lime and sugar tongues, tell us that sugar and lime, were imported. The graph on the rise and fall of Whitehaven shows that a lot of coal was exported. I have come to the conclusion that Whitehaven was perfect for the transportation of coal up until the late 1800's.The size and shape of the harbour and headland was just right for the small sailing boats, the headland protected these boats from prevailing winds. In the 1870's steam ships became popular, this would cause problems for Whitehaven as the harbour would have been too small for these big steam ships. The harbour was also perfect for transporting coal because it was close to all the mines in Whitehaven so this would mean that the coal would not have to travel far to be loaded onto the ships. I have also come to the conclusion that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and 1800 than it was in 1900. To support this is the graph the rise and fall of Whitehaven that shows us that the amount of coal that was exported. The amount of coal exported began to decline about the time of the railways and steam ships becoming popular, which could mean that the harbour wasn't being used as much for the export of coal and also because of the railways and steam ships Whitehaven's hinterland began to decrease. My final conclusion is that coal helped the harbour grow. Most of the evidence points to this, such as the building of the harbour at the time when coal mining was becoming popular. Also, when they stopped mining as much coal and they found other ways of transporting it, the harbour stopped growing and went into decline, this is why the lock gates were only just recently added to the harbour. From this I can tell that the industrial revolution must have also played a very important part in the development of Whitehaven Harbour. This is because if the industrial revolution hadn't happened then there would have not been a big demand for coal. So therefore the coal industry in Whitehaven might have never got as big and they might not have opened as many mines, which would mean that there would have been little point in developing the harbour for such a small amount of coal. This answers the objective of the whole assignment that the coal trade appears to have been very important in the development of the port of Whitehaven between 1700 and 1900 How useful were the site and other sources in helping you to the answer the question which is part 1? In part one of my assignment I considered what I could learn by visiting the harbour itself about why the port of Whitehaven had changed and developed up to the 20th century. The conclusion that I reached at the end of part 1 was briefly this: The coal trade had a very important part in the development of the harbour but there were other imports as well. Coal was not the only reason that the harbour stopped developing because things like the steam ships, which weren't accessible into the port of Whitehaven and the railways, stopped it developing. Also because of Whitehaven had no lock gates, which put it at a disadvantage. This meant that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and in 1800 than in 1900. I am now going to select some other sources to do with the port of Whitehaven and judge each one according to how useful it is in explaining the development of the harbour compared with the evidence of the harbour itself. The sources I have chosen to consider are: 1) The Beacon centre 2) John Paul Jones feature film 3) John Paul Jones diary 4) Census Results 5) Sail to Steam video The first source I will be considering is the beacon centre, which is a museum about the history of Whitehaven. The Beacon centre is relevant to the question because it does give information about the coal mining. The Beacon centre also contains information about the John Paul Jones raid, the slave trade, railways, ships, the Lowther family and much more. The Beacon centre is typical because it tells us about the history of Whitehaven and surrounding areas. It was opened in 1996 to inform people about the history of West Cumbria. I think that the Beacon centre was put there for tourism rather than for historians to find evidence. My evidence for this is because the Beacon centre has a rather big section on John Paul Jones compared to a relatively small section on coal mining. Even though the raid of John Paul Jones only lasted a few hours in the history of Whitehaven and the coal mining industry lasted over 200 years. So this tells me that the Beacon centre is trying to attract American tourists by having a large section on John Paul Jones, since this is why most American tourists come to Whitehaven to see where John Paul Jones raided. Other evidence of it being there for tourism is because when we went it was a free week so this means that it is trying to attract locals to visit it and see how good it is. This is so that when the summer season starts and tourists ask locals where to go to look around Whitehaven they will tell them to go to the Beacon Centre. This would mean that the Beacon centre would make more money. I think that this source is reliable because they wouldn't tell people about subjects that weren't true. Compared to the harbour, the beacon centre is not very useful in explaining the development of the harbour because it doesn't contain enough evidence since it is just there for tourism so it puts information in to it that people will be interested in and want to find out about. Now I will be judging an extract from the John Paul Jones feature film. This source is relevant because it does mention Whitehaven harbour. We saw an attack on Whitehaven harbour; the men in the attack burnt shipping to frighten British merchants so that they got British troops to guard the port. This was so that they got some of the troops away from America, so they had more chance of winning the war. This film was produced to make money because John Paul Jones would be popular with Americans so that would encourage more people to go and watch it therefore making more money. It was made in Hollywood and not even the raid on Whitehaven was actually filmed in Whitehaven. This tells me that the film was produced to make money because if it were for any other use than they would have spent the time and money to reconstruct the event in Whitehaven for the film. This source is reliable in one way in that the raid in Whitehaven did happen by John Paul Jones but we don't know the actual words that he said so the words on the film are unreliable. The film extract isn't typical because it isn't every night that Whitehaven would have had a big raid. Compared to the harbour, I don't think that this source was very useful because it was produced to make money rather than to inform us. The film extract didn't contain enough information about the development of the harbour like the size and shape of it and it didn't mention the coal trade. I am now going to judge an extract from John Paul Jones diary. It says that over one hundred ships were in the port on that night. The diary extract is relevant because it tells us what a typical night in Whitehaven Port was like. We know that it was typical because Whitehaven was not expecting a raid so it was just a normal night until it happened. John Paul Jones produced this diary and it was produced for his own purposes to write down about the day's events. And because it was a diary we can say that it is reliable because you wouldn't expect anyone to read your diary, so it was just written for his own purposes although he could have been bias towards his own country. I don't think that the diary extract was as useful at answering the question from part one than the harbour was. This is because although the extract gave us valuable information about the harbour at the time it didn't tell us about the coal trade or about the development of the harbour. All it tells us is that the harbour was busy and that it was low tide because the harbour was just mud. We watched a video called Sail to Steam, which I am now going to judge. This video was a documentary and although it didn't even mention Whitehaven it gave us information about the development and growth of Liverpool port which we can relate to the port of Whitehaven so it is relevant. It told us that the coming of the railways increased Liverpool's hinterland and that the lock gates improved the port because they no longer had to wait for the high tides to come in and out of the port. It also told us about the change from sailboats to steam ships that could carry more and were bigger. From this I could tell that Whitehaven was at a disadvantage because it didn't have lock gates, the port would have been to small for the big steam ships and the coming of the railways decreased Whitehaven harbours growth and hinterland. This documentary was produced to inform people about the changes from sail to steam especially in the port of Liverpool. From this I can tell that the information given is accurate and reliable because they wouldn't produce a documentary with inaccurate information. This source is typical because it shows how the port of Liverpool grew over the years. I think that although this source was useful in telling us why Whitehaven port might have stopped growing that it is not as useful as the harbour itself. This is because it doesn't contain information about Whitehaven port and its development and it doesn't tell us about Whitehaven's coal trade. I am now going to analyse the census results. The census results are relevant to the question in part one because they show us how many people lived on Mount Pleasant and it shows the different jobs they had. This then gives us an idea of how many people work down the mines and this then tells us how important the coal mining industry was to the people of Whitehaven. The census was produced in 1851 for the government, to inform them of how many people there were in the country. A census is an official count of the population so this tells me that the census is accurate and reliable because they wouldn't produce a census that was wrong because it would have been a waste of money. Although the census results are useful I don't think that they are as useful as the harbour itself because it doesn't give us enough information about the coal trade and it doesn't tell us anything about the harbour. If we could have had the resources I would have also liked to have had the figures for the amount of coal mined in the area between 1700 and 1900. This would have been useful because I could have compared it to the amount of coal exported from the port and then I could have seen just how much the harbour became more useful for the exportation and coal. Also I would have been able to look for a decline in the amount of coal exported compared to the amount mined when the railways became popular, to see if railways did take some of Whitehaven's hinterland away from it. I would also have liked to have had a diary extract from a person who worked down the mines. This would have been useful to find out the day to day workings of the mines. In part 1 I found that coal was very important to the port of Whitehaven but other things were imported as well but as steam ships became popular the harbour was at a disadvantage because the harbour was too small for these big steam ships. Also Whitehaven didn't have lock gates so this put it at a disadvantage because it meant the boats had to wait until high tide to come in and out of the harbour. This meant that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and 1800 than in 1900. I have concluded for this part of the assignment that the beacon centre is only there to attract tourists and to make money. I have also concluded that the John Paul Jones video is also just a way of making money and not about informing historians about the raid on Whitehaven harbour. My conclusion of John Paul Jones diary extract is that although it was useful in telling me about a typical night in the harbour it does not contain enough information about the harbour or about the coal trade. I have also concluded that the sail to steam video was useful in telling me about the development from sail boats to steam ships but it did not contain any information about Whitehaven. I have come to the conclusion that although the census results tell us a lot of information about the amount of people living on Mount Pleasant and the amount of people working down the mine it doesn't give us sufficient evidence to answer the question that is part 1. My conclusion that the visit to Whitehaven harbour was much more useful to me in answering the question that is part 1 than any of the other sources. Whitehaven harbour contained lots of unwitting evidence about the harbour and how it developed between 1700 and 1900. It also gave me a lot of information about the coal trade and how it relied on the harbour to be exported. This source contained information about both the harbour and the coal trade so this makes it very useful and also reliable because we can see the evidence. This source is also typical because it contains the remains of things (like the mines) that were actually there between 1700 and 1900

Is Capital Punishment Murder by The State †Sociology Essay

Is Capital Punishment Murder by The State – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers Is Capital Punishment Murder by The State Sociology Essay Throughout history people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading. Today capital punishment is typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection or electrocution. The theory of punishment is to protect society against criminals, retribution that means paying for the crime you competed, deterrence which means stopping other people to offend the same crime or other crimes which I don’t think really works. Some people feel punishment reforms the criminals so they don’t offend again. I’m using Timothy McVey to decide whether capital punishment is morally wrong and never justified and acts as a deterrent. Early on the morning of 19th April 1995 Timothy McVey detonated a bomb outside the federal building in Oklahoma city killing 168 people including 19 children. He didn’t have a bad upbringing just the divorce of his parents. After looking at newspaper articles the image of the firemen holding the dead baby was a big effect on Timothy McVeys trial, it disgusted the world. In the trial that was in 24th September 1997 he pleased not guilty. His plea hurt the victim’s parents. ‘During the trial I had locked eyes with him whilst he was pleading guilty this is which really hurt’. Timothy McVey said ‘given the chance he would kill my grandchildren again’. On Saturday 9th June the execution took place, witnesses were surrounded around television links. His last words were ‘sorry these people had to die’. He didn’t mean sorry they got killed but sorry they had to die. He had no sympathy. I think the execution was both justice and veng eance. This was justice because all the victims’ families saw him die this was a relief but they thought he was killed loss painlessly and faster then there poor family but it wasn’t humane as it was on video link to over 300 people. Innocent people are sometimes arrested for crimes, which they haven’t committed when they are executed are they really innocent. Derek Bentley and Craig attempted to burgle from a factory, but Craig and Bentley were spotted climbing over the gate and by the time they had reached the roof, the police had arrived. Bentley was arrested, but Craig fired several shots fatally wounding a police officer PC Sidney Miles. On January 28th 1953 Bentley was 19 he was executed by hanging. His friend Chris Craig who fired the shots during the break in was too young to be hanged. At the time he was 16 years old. So Bentley was innocent but didn’t commit the crime he was executed for. I think Bentley should have been charged with burglary and Craig charged with the shooting. From the knowledge of the case study on Bentley I have realized capital punishment can take the lives of those who are innocent, As Bentley was killed because the act of his friend. The video dead man walking shows evidence of how the execution cannot be humane. Matthew Poncelet wasn’t treated humanly through his execution as he was walking to the lethal infection in his slippers, as they didn’t let him wear his boots. He was handcuffed and had chains about his ankle restricting movement. The few hours he got in spend with his family weren’t quality time they couldn’t hold him, hug him or even kiss him goodbye. I think this is not humane his mother brought him up in the world and couldn’t even say goodbye. When people say life it doesn’t mean life but really means 25 years. In 1966 Myra Hindley was found guilty of murder of Lesley Ann Downey and John Kilbndge. As the death penalty was abolished Myra Hindley was given a life sentence. In 1985 the sentence was extended to 30 years this was done without her knowledge and dies in November 2002, after serving 36 years in jail. Myra was the longest serving female prisoner in Britain. There were many reasons why people thought she should be released. Myra was a catholic so she went against the church murdering people. Myra admitted the guilt she has for her victims she was no longer a danger to society because maybe it reformed her so she wouldn’t reoffend. She was unfairly treated because she was female. But on the other hand there were reasons not for release. She only helped in search for Pauline Reide and Keith Bennett because she was hoping for parole. Parents of the victims put pressure on to keep her in prison. Society ne eded to respect the law. Her release would send out the wrong message. I think Myra Hindley shouldn’t have been released because the mother of Keith Bennett never saw him again after the murder she wouldn’t say good bye. The vindication so she has to respect that she did wrong and serve her time. Life imprisonment must be worse than execution because before the death penalty got abolished people knew what would happen if you committed a crime. Execution is a quick death those who sentence others to death should carry out the execution themselves. But prisoners in jail often commit suicide because the depression so staying in prison. I think the death penalty is right because they obliviously know what their doing when they murder people and put them through hell. But I don’t think it can be humane because it’s retribution like an ‘any eye for an eye’. People should pay for the crime they commit. It is used to protect society against criminals and acts as a deterrence which means it stops people committing the same crime when they find out how they suffered. Research Papers on Is Capital Punishment Murder by The State - Sociology EssayThe Fifth HorsemanComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay Essays - Cellular Respiration

Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay Essays - Cellular Respiration Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay name = Fnord Discordia email = [emailprotected] publish = yes subject= Biology title = Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay Biology Mitochondria and Chloroplast Essay I. Introduction Out of all the organelles there are two that have fascinated microbiologists for the past hundred years. The first is the mitochondria, nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." The second is the chloroplast in plant cells that have functions similar to those of the mitochondria. What do these organelles do? What are the similarities and differences of these organelles? This essay will help you to understand these two fascinating organelles. II. Mitochondria Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles. They are five to 10 micrometers long and one to .5 micrometers wide. They main function is to provide energy for cell activities. They house the respiratory enzymes that convert oxygen and the products of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), chemicals that have high-energy bonds. They are hollow all except for a folded line of matter that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. Mitochondrion make use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3)Oxidation of acetyl coenzymes from step one and two into CO2 and NADH2. 4) Oxidation of NADH2 by oxygen forming water. 5) Synthesis of ATP coupled to NADH2 oxidation by process of oxidative phosphorylation. Most of this is self explanatory except for the last step (5). The final step contains a phrase "coupled to." This means that the compound (NADH2) must be present and have been oxidized for the synthesis of ATP, similar to a catalyst's presence of some reactions. Although the mitochondrion's major purpose is to supply the cell with the much needed ATP, it has others. Included in this list are nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis. III. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are complicated green organelles that occur within the cytoplasm of plant cells. They are the main sites of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the change of light energy, CO2 water into sugar which is used as food. They are disk shaped organelles and are surrounded by two layers of membrane that enclose the watery inside or stroma. Inside the stroma there are green dots called grana (grains) that hold chlorophyll. As with the mitochondrion the Chloroplasts use radiant or solar energy to make a product. In this case hexose. 1) The pigment complexes in the chloroplasts (including but not limited to chlorophyll) collect solar energy. 2) The light energy gathered in the first step is used to run an electron transport chain that oxidizes water into 0xygen. NADP is reduced. 3) ATP synthesis is coupled to the electron transport train. 4) Carbon dioxide is fixed and converted to hexose. This process requires ATP and the reduced NADP created in step three and two respectively. IV. Conclusion Both the mitochondria and the chloroplasts have complex purposes in the cell. This first as the powerhouse that creates energy for cell activities. The second, chloroplasts which produce food that is used to power the cell. These procedures are facinating and more could be learned if time would allow it. Bibliography: Cytoplasmic Genes and Organelles. Sager, Ruth. 1972. London. Genetics and Biogenesis of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Bcher, Th. . 1976. Amsterdan. Mitochondria, Chloroplasts and Bacterial Membranes. Prebble, J N. 1981. New York. Methods in Enzymology. Volume 207. Rudy Benardo. 1992. San Diego.

Chinese experimental theatre is a hybrid product characterised by a Essay

Chinese experimental theatre is a hybrid product characterised by a convergence of extra- cultural and intra- cultural - Essay Example One of the most famous theater directors in China’s avant-garde theater is Meng Jinghui. Meng Jinghui became attracted to Chinese literature while completing his secondary school education. Meng Jinghui became interested in acting while pursuing an undergraduate degree at the Capital Normal University. Meng Jinghui perceives that his debut into acting was a causal attribution of a metamorphosis in his life. Meng Jinghui’s initial acting part was that of a Kuomintang infantryman, it was a silent part. Meng Jinghui’s first speaking acting part was as a chef where he stated: â€Å"Meal time, meal time†. Meng Jinghui acknowledges that the art of acting open a window for him to all of the advanced cultures of the world and their diverse literary perspectives. As a college senior, Meng Jinghui was introduced to avant- garde playwrighting when he readapted the Story of Western Chamber. This was a Yuan dynasty romantic opera. Meng Jinghui adapted the romantic oper a into a modern comedy with three distinct endings. One of the endings was an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. While studying at the university, Meng Jinghui was able to interpret works by Pinter, Ionesco, Beckett and Genet. Meng Jinghui learned that farcical theatrical presentations reaffirmed the concepts which he would late apply. These concepts consisted of injecting comedy and musical interludes into his playwrighting. In 1992, Meng Jinghui was able to find suitable employment with the National Theatre Company of China. This occurred consequent to his graduation from the Capital Normal University (China Culture 2006). In the years which followed, Meng Jinghui directed over ten major Chinese theatrical presentations. Meng Jinghui’s major theatrical presentations include: Comrade AhQ, Waiting for Godot, The Accidental Death of an Anarchist, Rhinoceros in Love, Si Fan, The Balcony, I love XXX and Bootleg Faust. Meng Jinghui’s specialty is to dissect the work of other playwrights, reinterpret them and then to aggregate a comical and musical perspective to them. Meng Jinghui’s specialty also includes the ability to interpret these works and to present them within the parameters of the requisites of the Chinese government (China Culture 2006). Many of China’s leading playwrights have selected Henrik Ibsen’s style of realism as the predominant style in theatrical presentation. Other playwrights are considered in the production of Chinese theatre. These playwrights are Anton Checkhov, George Bernard Shaw, and Constantin Stanislavsky. Henrik Ibsen’s style of realism is considered in the light of China’s socio- economic context (Zhao 2010). Meng Jinghui’s theatrical presentations also represents and appeals to members of the audience who advocate change irrespective of gender (Roberts 2006). One of the most highly acclaimed modern drams in Chinese theatre is Rhinoceros in Love. This d rama tells the story of a zoological park attendant whose name is Ma Lu. Ma Lu becomes romantically and erotically obsessed with a woman who is beyond his reach Mingming. Ma Lu in his incessant desire for Mingming displays a twenty first century aspect of Chinese theatre. This aspect contrasts physical desires and spiritual desires (National Theatre of China 2011). Rhinoceros in Love tells the story of Ma Lu’s desire and the beautiful and non reactive Mingming. In the drama, Ma Lu attempts to elicit desire and jealousy from Mingming y pretending to acquire two girl

The Effects of Sleep on General Fitness Research Paper

The Effects of Sleep on General Fitness - Research Paper Example Moreover, with sleep deprivation over every 24 hours, performance also declines accordingly (Bianchi 2014). Sleep deprivation, thus, directly influences key performance areas, which directly affect one`s body fitness. For this reason, it is essential to understand the sleep patterns and how they may be effected, or how thet may affect other fitness indicators. Researchers managed to conduct a study with data for over 30 years of National Football League and reflected patterns implying that the teams which travelled through three time zones during the night time experienced a disrupted sleeping patterns and disturbed exercise schedules. Thus, it was concluded that such teams were 67% more likely to lose as compared to those with a persistent sleeping patterns. Moreover, studies also demonstrated how athletes getting a good 10 hours of sleep reflect an enhanced muscle memory which directly improves the quality of moves learnt the day before (Calten & Bruce 2009). In addition, similar studies concluded that athletes who consistently get a sleep for 10 hours demonstrated improvement in context to speed, strength, and agility along with the reaction time. Furthermore, sleep deprivation leads towards chronic diseases, that is , those who don`t get enough sleep often exhibit signs of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and other medical disorders re lated to cardio-metabolism and endocrine glands in the human body (Calten & Bruce 2009). More so, further research in the area dictates that even if the body survives a few days with no sleep, it immensely impacts the body`s insulin levels to around 25 percent which leads them towards the pre-diabetic phase, also such individuals may gain around 18 to 30 lb of weight in quite a few days. Studies have also shown that soldiers with less or no sleep at all have also exhibited decreased signs of abilities in marksmanship, mental as well as physical performance