Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Official Summary - Essay Example Concerning the component of spot, the organization has retail locations in each spot with target purchasers. Relative nearness and wide accessibility in territorial markets empowers opportune conveyance of items to both residential and worldwide shoppers. So as to give the correct item at the ideal time, Old Navy utilizes specific appropriation procedures in connecting makers with customers through dissemination offices in shopper markets. Hypothetically, powerful advancement and evaluating procedures are among the fundamental mainstays of a solid promoting technique. Old Navy utilizes limited time procedures like TV commercials, visual merchandisers, web based life advertising and drive-by battles utilizing VIPs. All these special methodologies are intended to upgrade exposure of the company’s items as well as advance the great side of shoppers’ experience. As for the component of valuing, Old Navy utilizes approaches like evaluating adaptability, markups and mental estimating methods. These methodologies are synchronized with deals situated goals so as to improve the serious parts of Old Navy. Beside the previously mentioned approaches, Old Navy likewise utilizes estimating motivating forces like limiting, Mastercard prizes and coupons. All evaluating approaches are intended to lure clients into purchasing Old Navy items. Old Navy is a brand that has gotten notable all through the vast majority of Northern America. As a clothing organization, it serves the requirements of its customers by giving quality products at a moderate cost. Such attire comprises of maternity dress, footwear, and garments for babies. Not exclusively does Old Navy center around clothing, yet it additionally offers a wide scope of adornments for clients to browse when shopping. The organization, an auxiliary of Gap Inc., attempts to remain at the cutting edge of current design drifts so as to hold its customer’s advantages. Old Navy’s objective is to make

Paramedic Professionals free essay sample

In spite of the fact that paramedics work close by other crisis administrations and medicinal services suppliers, they are not named social insurance experts, in this way, working freely from these associations and self-governingly inside their own state rescue vehicle associations. Through investigating the advancement of paramedic practice and their job as a social insurance supplier, the present status of paramedics as a semi calling is clarified alongside what further improvement is required before they become a perceived calling. In seeing how paramedics work independently inside their own state based associations, the idea of extent of training and proof based practice is investigated. At last by talking about how paramedics are autonomous, we build up paramedics’ job and position inside the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a social insurance proficient At present in Australia, paramedics are not delegated enrolled human services experts. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are broadly viewed as semi-experts with the possibility to turn into a completely perceived calling sooner rather than later. The meaning of calling and the rules to turn into a perceived calling are not high contrast. Callings Australia characterized a calling as ‘a taught gathering of people who hold fast to moral guidelines and who have unique information and aptitudes in a generally perceived collection of taking in got from research, instruction and preparing at an elevated level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) depicts 4 key components that are basic for the procedure of professionalization. These incorporate; the usage of a bound together code of morals and guidelines, achieving proficient permitting, enrollment and accreditation, the foundation of college study and instruction and the advancement of full-time occupation and development of word a related area. In the course of recent years the jobs of paramedics have changed quickly, with changes despite everything happening at the present. Paramedics have changed from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as emergency vehicle officials, to todays’ paramedics who are all day laborers and can regulate broad pre medical clinic care. Alongside the progressions to the idea of the paramedics’ work, there has additionally been a noteworthy change in the manner paramedics are prepared. ‘Training for paramedics has progressed from hands on preparing gave by State and Territory Ambulance Services to professional capabilities and all the more as of late, advanced education (University) area capabilities. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These progressions to advanced education preparing and all day business, has took into consideration paramedics to draw one stage nearer in turning into a perceived calling. An audit of basic expert attributes recommends two primary regions where the order misses the mark and it is that paramedics don't have ‘national enrollment and guideline bringing about expert restraint and accreditation’ and they don't across the nation capabilities that connect from tertiary instruction to the paramedic administrations (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, enlistment with regards to medicinal services experts, is the way toward authorizing and enlisting clinicians to rehearse at a uniform national standard of care. Efficiency Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration takes into account consistency in instruction and preparing across the nation, and guarantees paramedics work inside the arrangements of their extent of training. (Chamber of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national college standard degree abilities or a national educational plan according to paramedic preparing. This prompts an irregularity bet ween the educational plans instructed to paramedic understudies. This is additionally exasperated by emergency vehicle benefits as they work freely from the Australian Health care System and of the colleges also. Williams, Brown, Osman) all in all, without the usage of across the country enlistment, authorizing and training capabilities, paramedics will keep on being perceived as a semi-calling. Working self-rulingly Paramedics are associated social insurance suppliers who are working independently at a state level inside their own emergency vehicle administrations. The United States National Library of Medicine characterizes self-rule as the ‘decisions and the opportunity to act as per ones expert information base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic calling this information base is known as an extent of training. Inside each state based paramedic association, there is enactment and rules that plot the extent of which a specific qualified paramedic can work in. Extent of training alludes to ‘the degree to which suppliers may render Health care administrations and the degree they may do so autonomously and the sort of illnesses, infirmities, and wounds a human services supplier may address and what systems and drug they can give. ’ (Prats amp; Katz 2012: 13) For instance, in Queensland, while out on street paramedics have the opportunity to settle on their own choices and decisions dependent on their insight, as long as it is legitimate in the enactment of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and inside the extent of training of the paramedics capabilities. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics increase further information and experience additionally preparing, the extent of training of this paramedic will increment. The bigger the extent of training, the more self-governingly the paramedic can work. As of now in Queensland there has been an expanded consciousness of more unfortunate patient results and troubles in getting to clinical assistance in country and remote territories. (Skyline 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an endeavor to build positive patient results, extended degree jobs have been brought into the Australian Health Care System, permitting certain paramedics to apply aptitudes and conventions for which they were not initially prepared. (Real, Pedler, Walker 2007) This expands the paramedics’ self-sufficiency inside their field which permits them to work for better patient results. Paramedics are likewise exceptionally independent as they every now and again use proof based practice as a methods for new research and strategy. In the pre medical clinic care condition, ‘rather than settling on choices about training activities dependent on routine and customarily showed techniques, paramedics use proof recognized from all around built investigations as a reason for the clinical choices and practices. ’ (Curtis amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice happens through ‘integrating individual clinical ability with the best accessible outer clinical proof from methodical research. (Sackett amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can possibly happen when an individual is given self-sufficiency inside their field of work. Taking everything into account, as paramedics have the opportunity to settle on choices inside their extent of training and can use proof based practice, paramedics are independent inside a state level. Working freely inside The Austral ian Health Care System Although paramedics work close by the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are autonomous of this framework. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 characterizes autonomous as being ‘not represented by an outside force; self-overseeing. Paramedics are administered by their own state based associations and are discrete and free of the medical clinics and the Australian Health Care System. When managing any offense or requests, not at all like attendants and specialists whose overseeing power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based association. All in all, despite the fact that the paramedics work related to other social insurance suppliers both all through the medical clinic setting, paramedics administration is free of other medicinal services administrations and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009: taking everything into account paramedics are self-ruling and free human services suppliers who work nearby the Australian Health Care framework. In spite of the fact that paramedics work nearby other crisis administrations and social insurance suppliers in both the all through clinic care condition, they are not delegated medicinal services experts. Be that as it may, with the execution of across the nation educational plans and moral norms, paramedics can move from a semi calling to completely perceived calling. Paramedics have the opportunity to settle on choices inside their extent of training and can use proof based work on, making paramedics self-governing inside a state level. Through the expanding of paramedics’ extent of training in certain condition, for example, country territories and using proof based practice we see endeavors to build positive patient results. At long last, paramedics are autonomous from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-represented by their own state based associations.

Developmental Psychology Research Topic Examples

Developmental Psychology Research Topic Examples Student Resources Print Developmental Psychology Research Topics By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Laura Beach / Cultura / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers Are you looking for a topic for a psychology paper, experiment, or science fair project? Developmental psychology is a fascinating area and one of the most popular topics in psychology. It can also be a very broad subject that can include anything from prenatal development to health during the final stages of life. The following are just a few different topics that might help inspire you. Remember, these are just ideas to help you get started. You might opt to explore one of these areas, or you might think of a related question that interests you as well. Examples of Developmental Psychology Topics Does teaching infants sign language help or hinder the language acquisition process?How do parenting styles impact a childs level of physical activity? Are children raised by parents with permissive or uninvolved parents less active than those raised by parents with authoritative or authoritarian styles?Do students who listen to music while studying perform better or worse on exams?How does bullying impact student achievement? Are bullied students more likely to have worse grades than their non-bullied peers?Could packaging nutritious foods in visually appealing ways encourage children to make healthier food choices?Do children who eat breakfast perform better in school than those who do not eat breakfast?Which type of reinforcement works best for getting students to complete their homework: a tangible reward (such as a piece of candy) or social reinforcement (such as offering praise when homework is completed on time)?Does birth order have an impact on procrastination? Are first-bor ns less likely to procrastinate? Are last-borns more likely to put off tasks until the last minute?Are older adults who rate high in self-efficacy more likely to have a better memory than those with low self-efficacy?How do explanations for the behavior of others change as we age? Are younger adults more likely to blame internal factors for events and older adults more likely to blame external variables?Do mental games such as word searches, Sudoku, and word matching help elderly adults keep their cognitive skills sharp?Do the limits of short-term memory change as we age? How do the limits of short-term memory compare at ages, 15, 25, 45, and 65? Things to Consider Before Picking a Developmental Psychology Topic Before you start working on any paper, experiment, or science project, the first thing you need to do is understand the rules your instructor has established for the assignment. Be sure to check the official guidelines given by your teacher. If you are not sure about these guidelines, ask your instructor if there are any specific requirements before you get started on your research. If you are going to actually conduct an experiment, you need to present your idea to your instructor in order to gain his or her permission before going forward. In some cases, you might have to also present your plan to your schools Institutional Review Board. Tips for Researching Your Developmental Psychology Topic After you have gotten to move forward with your chosen topic, the next step is to do some background research. This step is essential! If you are writing a paper, the information you find will make up your literature review. If you are performing an experiment, it will provide background information for the introduction of your lab report. For a psychology science project, this research will help you in your presentation and can help you decide how to best approach your own experiment.

6 Secrets of Using Essay Quotes to Make Your Papers Rock

Quotes are an excellent tool to boost up credibility of your essay and attract the reader’s attention the moment he sets eyes on it; but just like with any other tool, you have to use them properly if you want them to be effective – and here are some ways to do so. 1. No More than 2 Quotations per Essay As the saying goes, too much of a good thing is good for nothing – and it is certainly true for essay quotes. A couple of cleverly chosen ones will do wonders to spice up your essay, but if you start cramming them into every other sentence it will, a) look as if you have nothing to say on your own, b) return unpleasantly high plagiarism results in automated plagiarism checks. In addition to that, an essay is a fairly small text, and using multiple quotes will quickly deplete your word limit. 2. Cite the Quote and Do It Correctly If you don’t want to be accused of plagiarism, make sure you properly cite every quote you use – consult your relevant style guide for details. 3. Paraphrase Quotes Paraphrasing means transferring the meaning of a phrase in your own words. This way you can avoid repeating the original phrase (thus making it less likely to trigger plagiarism checker) and introduce it more naturally into the flow of your own speech. Paraphrasing is quite a useful technique because it allows you to eat your cake and have it: you both cite an author of the quote (showing that you are familiar with his work) and make it a natural part of your writing (showing that you fully understand what it means and can write on your own). 4. Use Correct Punctuation Marks Punctuation used with quotes may be somewhat tricky, but learn it once, and it won’t be a problem anymore. If a direct quote is preceded by an identifier like â€Å"she said†, or â€Å"according to New York Times†, you should precede the opening quotation marks with a comma. Also, make sure that the full stop, question or exclamation mark ending the sentence is inside the quotation marks. Like this: She said, â€Å"I don’t know what to think anymore.† If the quote has a text following it, there should be a comma at the end of quote – again, within the quotation marks: â€Å"I don’t know what to think anymore,† she said. 5. Vary the Words Introducing Quotes There are many more words in English than â€Å"says† or â€Å"writes† to introduce quotes. Make sure you bring a bit of variety into your texts by using them. Here are some suggestions: Argues, points out, reveals, suggests, supposes, demonstrates, states, claims, concludes†¦ Just open a thesaurus. 6. Make Your Quotes Stand out Sometimes (especially in case of longer quotations) mere quotation marks are not enough to satisfactorily separate quotes from the rest of the text. If you style guide allows it, try using a different font for them. As you may see, introducing quotations into your essays is not as straightforward as it seems – but we hope that with these tips you will be able to add that little spice to your texts which makes all the difference.

Essay on Effective Communication - 1773 Words

Running Head: Effective Communication 1 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In order to be an effective manager in the work force today, one must have a very good understanding of the various ways in which people interact and communicate with one another. It is critical that good leaders display the ability to effectively communicate with their associates and subordinates as well as train and encourage others to demonstrate those same communication skills. By doing so, they will promote both a healthy and efficient work environment that everyone will be sure to enjoy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first challenge in effectively communicating with today’s workforce is diversity. The work force today is more diverse than ever and is rapidly†¦show more content†¦People of different race Running Head: Effective Communication 3 have lived and worked together for many years but not without a fair share of problems. The United States have long been labeled as the â€Å"Great Melting Pot†, and with good reason. American culture is by far the most diverse culture in all of the world. Not only are Americans exposed to new and different ethnics groups more often, but different ethnic groups and cultures are experiencing each other for the first time in America as well. As people become more mobile on an international level, they experience a vast array of behavior. These behaviors will even vary as one moves across the country. Take for example the difference in just the northern and southern states and their preconceived notions each holds of the other. There are people in northern states that believe people of the southern states do not wear shoes or have running water in their households. Because of this false image, they automatically assume that southern people are of a lower intellect. People of southern states tend to believe that northerners are rude and uncaring which is also a misconception. These types of preconceived notions are also present for every race and culture on the planet and they differ from culture to culture for each other. It is very difficult but even more important forShow MoreRelatedCommunication : Effective And Effective Communication818 Words   |  4 PagesEffective communication is an extremely important piece in a business organization. Not only does effective communication increase work flow it also enhances and keeps good morale in the workplace. In effective communication has the reverse effect and can be an anchor on production and workplace morale. According to Rogers,† Communication failures may occur when information is not clear or to complex, which causes problems with information recall. When too much information is given at once, incompleteRead MoreEffective Communication1085 Words   |  5 PagesEffective communication Communication is primarily an exchange of information, ideas, or thoughts. This paper will focus on the process of verbal and nonverbal communication as well as the components of each. It outline the formal and informal channels of criminal channels. This paper will also list the different barriers to effective communication within a criminal justice organization. Finally it will cover strategies that can be implemented to overcome communication barriers within criminalRead MoreEffective Communication1513 Words   |  7 PagesEffective Communication Bryan Walker CJA/304 Version 4 May 5, 2014 There are many aspects to the communication process. It is necessary to take into consideration the definition of communication. Communication has been defined as a process involving several steps, among two or more persons, for the primary purpose of exchanging information (Wallace, 2009). Communication requires transmitting an idea, sending the idea through a medium, receiving the message, understanding the idea, andRead MoreEffective Communication3193 Words   |  13 PagesCommunication Communication and Effective Communication Khaled Nashaat Mamdouh HROB 501- M9- ID: 7-3691 Dr. Ahmed Amin January, 21st, 2007 A. INTRODUCTION Determining or figuring out the level of importance of communication in any organization or even between people in their daily lives is fairly impractical. No one can ever resolve the significance of communication because it is such a gigantic topic with many different definitions and understandings. Also communication and gainingRead MoreEffective Communication2513 Words   |  11 PagesINTRODUCTION†¦ Communication has existed since the beginning of human beings, but it was not until the 20th century that people began to study the process. As communication technologies developed, so did the theories. 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Such understanding is essential in ensuring effective communication withoutRead MoreCommunication : An Effective Communication919 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Communication is one of the most essential tools in management, however, effective communication is difficult to achieve when you have 150 direct reports. I rely heavily on the charge nurses, however, they have varied abilities in effectively communicating information to the staff. Consequently, there is often a lack of clarity in the communication complete miscommunication to the staff via the charge nurses. Clearly one of the most efficient ways to communicate important informationRead MoreEffective Communication780 Words   |  3 PagesEffective communication is the process of transferring information or thoughts to someone or a group of people by way of speaking, writing or body language. According to â€Å"Livestron.com† (2014), â€Å"Effective communication extends the concept to require that transmitted content is received and understood by someone in the way it was intended. The goals of effective communication include creating a common perception, changing behavior s and acquiring information† (para. 1). It is important that the personRead MoreEffective Communication And Communication Skills Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagestogether as a team to collaborate, delegate and consult. In order for this team effort to be effective, good communication skills must exist between medical professionals. Many times, messages can be altered and interpreted differently; if the conditions for transmission barriers develop. External barriers and internal barriers, such as confusion and mental status can hinder effective communication. Communication can be both verbal and nonverbal, and it is important to understand that different culturesRead MoreEffective Communication And The Barriers Of Communication Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of effective communication and the barriers of communication is very important in the workplace in order for the company to be successful. Every person in the business will have to communicate in one form or anothe r. The better the communication in the workplace the better the relationships with each other. In this article I will help you to understand the processes needed in order to have effective communication in the workplace. I will discuss the importance of effective communication, the

Ngas Manual Free Essays

MANUAL ON THE NEW GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM For National Government Agencies ACCOUNTING POLICIES Volume I Chapter 1. Introduction Objectives of the Manual. The New Government Accounting System (NGAS) Manual presents the basic policies and procedures; the new coding system; the accounting systems, books, registries, records, forms, reports, and financial statements; and illustrative accounting entries to be adopted by all national government agencies effective January 1, 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on Ngas Manual or any similar topic only for you Order Now The objectives of the Manual are to prescribe the following: . Uniform guidelines and procedures in accounting for government funds and property; b. New coding structure and chart of accounts; c. Accounting books, registries, records, forms, reports and financial statements; and d. Accounting entries. Coverage. This Manual shall be used by all national government agencies. Legal Basis. This Manual is prescribed by the Commission on Audit pursuant to Article IX-D, Section 2 par. (2) of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines which provides that: The Commission on Audit shall have exclusive authority, subject to the limitations in this Article, to define the scope of its audit and examination, establish the techniques and methods required therefor, and promulgate accounting and auditing rules and regulations, including those for the prevention and disallowance of irregular, unnecessary, excessive, extravagant, or unconscionable expenditures, or uses of government fund s and properties†. (underscoring supplied) Chapter 2. Basic Features and Policies Basic Features and Policies. The NGAS has the following basic features and policies, to wit: a. Accrual Accounting. A modified accrual basis of accounting shall be used. Under this method, all expenses shall be recognized when incurred and reported in the financial statements in the period to which they relate. Income shall be on accrual basis except for transactions where accrual basis is impractical or when other methods are required by law. b. One Fund Concept. This system adopts the one fund concept. Separate fund accounting shall be done only when specifically required by law or by a donor agency or when otherwise necessitated by circumstances subject to prior approval of the Commission. . Chart of Accounts and Account Codes. A new chart of accounts and coding structure with a three-digit account numbering system shall be adopted. (See Volume III, The Chart of Accounts) d. Books of Accounts. All national agencies shall maintain two sets of books, namely: Regular Agency (RA) Books. These shall be used to record the receipt and utilization of Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA) and other income/receipts which the agencies are authorized to use and to deposit with Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) and the National Treasury. These shall consist of journals and ledgers, as follows: Journals †¢ Cash Receipts Journal (CRJ) †¢ Cash Disbursements Journal (CDJ) †¢ Check Disbursements Journal (CkDJ) †¢ General Journal (GJ) Ledgers †¢ General Ledger (GL) †¢ Subsidiary Ledgers (SL) for: ? Cash ? Receivables ? Inventories ? Investments ? Property, Plant and Equipment ? Construction in Progress ? Liabilities ? Income ? Expenses National Government (NG) Books. These shall be used to record income which the agencies are not authorized to use and are required to be remitted to the National Treasury. These shall consist of: †¢ Cash Journal (CJ) †¢ General Journal (GJ) †¢ General Ledger (GL) †¢ Subsidiary Ledger (SL) With the implementation of the computerized agency accounting system, only the General Journal shall be used together with the ledgers by both books. e. Financial Statements. The following statements shall be prepared: †¢ Balance Sheet †¢ Statement of Government Equity †¢ Statement of Income and Expenses †¢ Statement of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements shall accompany the above tatements. f. Two-Money Column Trial Balance. The two – money column trial balance showing the account balances shall be used. g. Allotment and Obligation. Obligation accounting is modified to simplify procedures in the incurrence and liquidation of obligations and the recording of the budgetary accounts (allotments and obligations incurred and liquidated). Separate registries shall be maintained to control the allotments and obligations fo r each of the four classes of allotments, namely: Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Capital Outlay (RAOCO) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Personal Services (RAOPS) †¢ Registry of Allotments and Obligations- Financial Expenses (RAOFE). h. Notice of Cash Allocation (NCA). The receipt of NCA by the agency shall be recorded in the books as debit to account â€Å"Cash-National Treasury, Modified Disbursement System (MDS)† and credit to account â€Å"Subsidy Income from National Government†. i. Financial Expenses. Financial expenses such as bank charges, interest expenses, commitment charges and other related expenses shall be separately classified from Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE). j. Perpetual Inventory of Supplies and Materials. Supplies and materials purchased for inventory purpose shall be recorded using the perpetual inventory system. Regular purchases shall be coursed thru the inventory account and issuances thereof shall be recorded as they take place except those purchased out of Petty Cash Fund which shall be charged directly to the appropriate expense accounts. k. Valuation of Inventory. Cost of ending inventory of supplies and materials shall be computed using the moving average method. l. Maintenance of Supplies and Property, Plant and Equipment Ledger Cards. For appropriate check and balance, the Accounting Units of agencies, as well as the Property Offices, shall maintain Supplies Ledger Cards/Stock Cards by stock number and Property, Plant and Equipment Ledger Cards/Property Cards by category of property, plant and equipment, respectively. m. Construction of Assets. For assets under construction, the Construction Period Theory shall be applied for costing purposes. Bonus paid to the contractor for completing the work ahead of time shall be added to the total cost of the project. Liquidated damages charged and paid for by the contractor shall be deducted from the total cost of the project. Any related expenses incurred during the construction of the project, such as taxes, interest, license fees, permit fees, clearance fee, etc. shall be capitalized, and those incurred after the construction shall form part of operating cost. n. Registry of Public Infrastructures/Registry of Reforestation Projects. For agencies that construct public infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, waterways, railways, plaza, monuments, etc. , and invest on reforestation projects, a Registry of Public Infrastructures (RPI)/Registry of Reforestation Projects (RRP) shall be maintained for each category of infrastructures/reforestation projects. Examples are: †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures – Bridges (RPIB) †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures – Roads (RPIR) †¢ Registry of Public Infrastructures – Parks (RPIP) †¢ Registry of Reforestation Projects (RRP) A Summary of Public Infrastructures/Reforestation Projects shall be prepared and included in the Notes to Financial Statements. o. Depreciation. The straight-line method of depreciation shall be used. Depreciation shall start on the second month after purchase of the property, plant and equipment, and a residual value equivalent to ten percent of the purchase cost shall be set-up. Public infrastructures/reforestation projects as well as serviceable assets that are no longer being used shall not be charged any depreciation. . Reclassification of Assets. Serviceable assets no longer being used shall be reclassified to â€Å"Other Assets† account and shall not be subject to depreciation. q. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. An Allowance for Doubtful Accounts shall be set up for estimated uncollectible trade receivables to allow for their fair valuation. r. Elimination of Contingent Accounts. Contingent accounts shall no longer be used. All financial transactions shall be recorded using the appropriate accounts. Cash shortages and disallowed payments, which become final and executory, shall be recorded under receivable accounts â€Å"Due From Officers and Employees† or â€Å"Receivables-Disallowances/ Charges†, as the case may be. s. Recognition of Liability. Liability shall be recognized at the time goods and services are accepted or rendered and supplier/creditor bills are received. t. Interest Accrual. Whenever practical and appropriate, interest income and/or expense shall be accrued and recognized in the books of accounts. u. Accounting for Borrowings and Loans. All borrowings and loans incurred shall be recorded to the appropriate liability accounts. . Elimination of corollary and negative journal entries. The use of corollary and negative journal entries shall be stopped. Acquisition/Disposition of assets shall be debited/credited to the appropriate asset accounts. If an error is committed, a correcting entry to adjust the original entry shall be prepared. w. Petty Cash Fund. The Petty Cash Fund shall be maintained under the imprest system. As such, all replenishments shall be directly charged to the expense account and at all times, the Petty Cash Fund shall be equal to the total cash on hand and the unreplenished expenses. The Petty Cash Fund shall not be used to purchase regular inventory/items for stock. x. Foreign Currency Adjustment. Cash deposits in foreign currency and outstanding foreign loans shall be computed at the exchange rate prescribed by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas at balance sheet date. The total cash deposits and foreign loans payable shall be adjusted at the end of each month and any gain or loss on foreign exchange shall be recognized. The subsidiary ledger for foreign currency obligations shall reflect the appropriate foreign currency in which the loan is payable. The liability shall be expressed both in the foreign and local currency. Chapter 3. Accounting Systems General Accounting Plan. The General Accounting Plan (GAP) shows the overall accounting system of a government agency/unit. It includes the source documents, the flow of transactions and its accumulation in the books of accounts and finally their conversion into financial information/data presented in the financial reports. Presented on next page is the General Accounting Plan for national government agencies. The following accounting systems are: . Budgetary Accounts System; b. Receipts/Income and Deposit System; c. Disbursement System; and d. Financial Reporting System. 4 BUDGETARY ACCOUNTS Budgetary Accounts System. The Budgetary Accounts System encompasses the processes of preparing Agency Budget Matrix (ABM), monitoring and recording of allotments received by the agency from the DBM, releasing of Sub-Allotment Release Order (Sub-SARO) to Regional Offices (RO) by the Central Off ice (CO); issuance of Sub-SARO to Operating Units (OU) by the RO; and recording and monitoring of obligations. Budgetary Accounts. Budgetary accounts consist of the appropriations, allotments and obligations. Appropriations refer to authorizations made by law or other legislative enactment for payments to be made with funds of the government under specified conditions and/or for specified purposes. Appropriations shall be monitored and controlled through registries and control worksheets by the DBM and COA, respectively. Budgetary accounts allotments and obligations are discussed in the succeeding sections. INSERT GENERAL ACCOUNTING PLAN for National Government Agencies Agency Budget Matrix (ABM). The ABM refers to a document showing the disaggregation of agency expenditures into components like, among others, by source of appropriations, by allotment class and by need of clearance. Procedures for the Preparation of the ABM |Area of |Seq. | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | | |Budget Unit | | | | Concerned Staff |1 |Based on the approved General Appropriations Act (GAA) and | | |in coordination with the DBM, prepares the ABM by | | | |appropriations/financing sources to support expenditures to| | | |be made during the year broken down by allotment | | | |class/expenses. | | |Note 1 | | | |The ABM shall contain, among others, the following | | | |information: | | | |The amount to be released categorized under â€Å"Not Needing | | | |Clearance† column, and | | | |The amount that will be released through the issuance of | | | |Special Allotment Release Order (SARO) categorized under | | | |†Needing Clearance† column including continuing | | | |appropriations based on the Statement of Allotments, | | | |Obligations and Balances (SAOB). | | | | | |2 |Initials under ‘Prepared by’ portion of the ABM. | | | | | |Head, Budget Unit |3 |Reviews and signs ‘Prepared by’ portion of the ABM. | |Concerned Staff |4 |Forwards the ABM together with a transmittal letter for the| | | |DBM to the Head of the Agency for signature/approval. | | | | | |Head of the Agency |5 |Approves/Signs the ABM and the transmittal letter. | | | | |Concerned Staff |6 |Records in the logbook maintained and submits the signed | | | |ABM to the DBM for approval. | Allotment Release Order (ARO). The ARO is a formal document issued by the DBM to the head of the agency containing the authorization, conditions and amount of an agency allocation. The document may be the AB M, where the amount of allocation not needing clearance is indicated, or the Special Allotment Release Order (SARO), where the release of which is subject to compliance with specific laws or regulations or is subject to separate approval or clearance by competent authority. In the case of agencies with decentralized accounting procedures, Sub-ARO/Sub-SARO is issued/released. Recording of Allotments. Upon receipt of the approved ABM and ARO, the Budget Officer/Head of the Budget Unit/Designated Budget Officer shall record the allotment in the respective registries through the Allotment and Obligations Slip (ALOBS). Separate registries shall be maintained for the four allotment classes by Program/Project/Activity (P/P/A), to wit: 1. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Capital Outlay (RAOCO) 2. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) 3. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Personal Services (RAOPS) 4. Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Financial Expenses (RAOFE) Procedures in the Monitoring and Recording of Allotments Received from DBM |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. Activity | | | | | |Budget Unit |1 |Receives the approved ABM/SARO from the DBM. Records the | |Concerned Staff | |same in the logbook and forwards the ABM/SARO to Budget | | | |Staff for preparation of an Allotment an d Obligation Slip | | | |(ALOBS). | | Budget Staff |2 |Prepares ALOBS in two copies, assigns number and initials | | | |the same. Forwards the ALOBS and ABM/SARO to the Head of | | | |the Budget Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |The numbering structure of the ALOBS shall be as follows: | | | |PS 00 00 0000 | | | |Serial Number | | | |(One series for | | | | | | | |the whole year) | | | |Month | | | | | | | |Year | | | | | | | |Allotment Class | | | |(PS, MOOE, CO and FE) shall be| | | |used only when obligations are recorded in the ALOBS | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |The ALOBS shall be prepared in two copies and shall be | | | |distributed as follows: | | | |Original-Retained by the Budget Unit to support recording | | | |in the registries | | | |Copy 2 -Accounting Unit | | Head of the Budget Unit |3 |Reviews, checks the mall box opposite the ‘Received’ | | | |portion in Box A of the ALOBS and affixes signature | | | |certifying receipt of allo tment. Returns to the Budget | | | |Staff for recording in the appropriate Registry of | | | |Allotments and Obligations (RAOs). | | | | | | Budget Staff |4 |Records the ALOBS in the appropriate RAOs. Files the ALOBS | | | |for reference. | | | | | | |Note 3 | | | |The following RAOs shall be maintained by the Budget Unit: | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Personal Services | | | |(RAOPS) | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations -Maintenance and | | | |Other Operating Expenses (RAOMO) | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations -Capital Outlays | | | |(RAOCO) | | | |Registry of Allotments and Obligations – Financial Expenses| | | |(RAOFE) | | |5 |Forwards Copy 2 of the ALOBS to the Accounting Unit for | | | |reference. | Procedures for the Recording of Sub-Allotment Release Order (Sub-ARO) by RO/ OU |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | |Central Office/ | | | |Regional Office | | | |Budget Unit |1 |Based on the approved ABM re ceived from the DBM, prepares | |Budget Staff | |Sub-ARO for RO/OU. Forwards the Sub-ARO to the Head of the | | | |Budget Unit CO/RO for review. | | | | | |Head of the Budget Unit |2 |Reviews and signs Sub-ARO. Forwards the same to the Head of| | | |the CO/RO for approval. | | | | | |Head of Central |3 |Approves the Sub-ARO. |Office/Regional Office/ | | | |Authorized | | | |Officer | | | |Budget Staff |4 |Based on the approved Sub-ARO, prepares ALOBS in two | | | |copies. Assigns number and initials the ALOBS. Forwards the| | | |same with a copy of approved Sub-ARO to the Head of the | | | |Budget Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | | Distribution of ALOBS shall be as follows: | | | | Original – CO/RO Budget Unit | | | |Copy 2 – CO/RO Accounting Unit | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |Refer to ALOBS numbering structures in Note 1 Sec. 12, | | |Procedures in the Monitoring and Recording of Allotments | | | |Received from DBM | |Head of the Budget Unit | 5 |Reviews, checks the small box opposite the ‘Sub-allotted’ | | | |portion of Box A of the ALOBS and affixes signature | | | |certifying as to the amount sub-allotted to RO/OU. Forwards| | | |the same with the approved Sub-ARO to Budget Staff for | | | |recording in the appropriate RAOs. | | | | | |Budget Staff |6 |Records the ALOBS in the appropriate RAOs. Files the ALOBS | | | |and a copy of the Sub-ARO. | | | | | | |Note 3 | | | |The ALOBS covering sub-allotment for the RO/OU shall be | | | |entered in the RAOs as negative entry in the ‘Allotment’ | | | |column and shall be deducted from the allotment balance. | | | | | | | |Note 4 | | | |A copy of the ALOBS covering allotment of the RO/OU shall | | | |be furnished the Accounting Unit for reference. | | | | | |Concerned Staff |7 |Records in the logbook the release of the Sub-ARO to RO/OU. | | | | |Regional Offices/ | | | |Operating Units | | | |Budget Unit | | | |Concerned Staff |8 |Receives the appro ved Sub-ARO from the CO/RO. Records the | | | |same in the logbook maintained. Forwards the Sub-ARO to the| | | |Budget Staff for the preparation of ALOBS. | | | | | Budget Staff |9 |Prepares ALOBS in two copies, assigns number and initials | | | |the same. Forwards the ALOBS and Sub-ARO to the Head of the| | | |Budget Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | | |Note 5 | | | |Refer to Notes 1 and 2 of Sec. 2, Procedures for the | | | |Monitoring and Recording of Allotments Received from the | | | |DBM. | | | | | |Head of the Budget Unit |10 |Reviews the ALOBS based on the Sub-ARO. Checks | | | |the small box opposite the â€Å"Received† portion of Box A of | | | |the ALOBS and affixes signature certifying that the | | | |allotment was received. Forwards the ALOBS and Sub-ARO to | | | |the Budget Staff for recording in the appropriate RAOs. | | | | | | |Note 6 | | | |Refer to Note 3, of Sec. 12, Procedures for the Monitoring | | | |and Recording of Allotments Received from the DBM. | | | | | | Budget Staff |11 |Records the ALOBS in the RAOs. Files the Sub-ARO and | | | |original of the ALOBS. | | | | | |12 |Forwards copy 2 of the ALOBS to the Accounting Unit for | | | |reference. | Accounting for Obligation. Obligation refers to a commitment by a government agency arising from an act of a duly authorized official which binds the government to the immediate or eventual payment of a sum of money. The agency is authorized to incur obligations only in the performance of activities which are in pursuits of its functions and programs authorized in appropriation acts/laws within the limit of the ARO. Obligations shall be taken up in the registries through the ALOBS prepared/processed by the Budget Unit. The Budget Officer/ Head of the Budget Unit/designated Budget Officer shall certify to the availability of allotment and such is duly obligated by signing in the appropriate box of the ALOBS. On the other hand, the Accountant/Head of the Accounting Unit shall certify to the correctness and validity of obligations, and availability of funds. Both Budget and Accounting Units shall coordinate in the filling up of the Status of the Obligation in their respective copies of the ALOBS Procedures for the Recording of Obligations |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. Activity | | | | | | Budget Unit | | | |Concerned Staff |1 |Receives the Disbursement Voucher/Payroll (DV/P), and | | | |supporting documents, Contract/ Purchase Order (C/PO) from | | | |concerned offices/personnel. Verifies completeness of the | | | |documents. If incomplete, returns the documents to | | | |concerned offices for completion. If complete, records the | | | |same in the logbook maintained. Forwards the documents to | | | |Budget Staff for the preparation of the ALOBS. | | | | | | Budget Staff |2 |Verifies availability of allotment based on the RAOs. If no| | | |allotment is available, returns the documents to the | | | |office/personnel concerned except as authorized by the DBM. | | |3 |If there is an available balance of allotment to cover the | | | |obligations, prepares an ALOBS in three copies. Initials | | | |the ALOBS and forwards the same to the Head of the Budget | | | |Unit for review and signature. | | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |Copy 3 of ALOBS shall be attached to the DV. Refer to Note | | | |2, Sec. 12, Procedures for the Monitoring and Recording of | | | |Allotments Received from DBM for the distribution of the | | | |other copies of ALOBS. | | | | | Head of the Budget Unit |4 |Reviews, checks the small box opposite the ‘Available and | | | |duly obligated’ portion of Box A of the ALOBS and affixes | | | |signature. Forwards the ALOBS and documents to the Budget | | | |Staff for recording in the appropriate RAOs. | | | | | | Budget Staff |5 |Records the amount obligated under the ‘Obligation’ column| | | |of the RAOs. Forwards all copies of the ALOBS and the | | | |documents to the Accounting Unit for processing and | | | |signature. | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |Obligations shall be posted in the ‘Obligation Incurred’ | | | |col umn of the RAOs to arrive at the balance of allotment | | | |still available at a given period. | | | | | | |6 |Receives original of ALOBS from the Accounting Unit. If | | | |there is no correction, files the same to support the RAOs. | | | |Otherwise, effects correction in the RAOs or prepares a new| | | |ALOBS, as the case may be. | | |Note 3 | | | |For the succeeding activities, refer to Sec. 34, | | | |Procedures for Disbursements By Checks. | | | | | | | |Note 4 | | | |There is no need to prepare a new ALOBS for | | | |corrections/adjustments made by the Accounting Unit after | | | |the processing of the claims but before payment is made. | | |Adjustment in the RAOs shall be effected thru a positive | | | |entry (if additional obligation is necessary) or a negative| | | |entry (if reduction) in the ‘Obligation Incurred’ column. | | | | | | | |Note 5 | | | |Preparation of new ALOBS for the following adjustments of | | | |obligations as negative entries in the â⠂¬ËœObligation | | | |Incurred’ column shall be made: | | | | | | |refund of cash advance granted during the year | | | |overpayment of expenses during the year | | | |disallowances/charges which become final and executory | | | | | | | |Certified copies of official receipts for the | | | |overpayments/refunds, copies of bills for overpayments | | | |and Notice that the disallowances are final and | | | |executory shall be furnished the Budget Unit by the | | | |Accounting Unit for the preparation of new ALOBS taking up | | | |the adjustments. | 16 INCOME/COLLECTIONS AND DEPOSITS Receipts/Income Collections and Deposits System. The Receipts/Income Collections and Deposits System covers the processes of acknowledging and reporting income/collections, deposits of collections with Authorized Government Depository Bank (AGDB) or through the AGDB for the account of Treasurer of the Philippines, and recording of collections and deposits in the books of accounts of the agency. Sourc es of Income of the National Government. The income of the National Government are classified into general income accounts and specific income accounts. The following comprise the general income accounts, among others: Subsidy Income from National Government 1. Subsidy from Central Office 2. Subsidy from Regional Office/Staff Bureaus 3. Income from Government Services 4. Income from Government Business Operations 5. Sales Revenue 6. Rent Income 7. Insurance Income 8. Dividend Income 9. Interest Income 10. Sale of Confiscated Goods and Properties 11. Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Gains 12. Miscellaneous Operating and Service Income 13. Fines and Penalties-Government Services and Business Operations 14. Income from Grants and Donations The specific income accounts of national government agencies are classified as follows: 1. Income Taxes 2. Property Taxes 3. Taxes on Goods and Services 4. Taxes on International Trade and Transactions 5. Other Taxes 6. Fines and Penalties-Tax Revenue 7. Other Specific Income The descriptions of all the accounts and the instructions as to when these are to be debited and credited are provided in Volume III of the NGAS Manual. Methods of Accounting for Income. National government agencies adopt the following accounting methods of recording income: 1. Accrual Method – Accrual method of accounting shall be used by national government agencies when income is realized (earned) during the accounting period regardless of cash receipt. Accounts receivable is set up and the general or specific income accounts according to nature and classification are credited. 2. Modified Accrual – Under the modified accrual basis, income of an agency is recorded as â€Å"Deferred Credits to Income† and the appropriate receivable account is debited. The income account is recognized upon receipt of collection and the â€Å"Deferred Credits to Income† account is adjusted accordingly. 3. Cash Basis – Cash basis of accounting shall be used for all other taxes, fees, charges and other revenues where accrual method is impractical. The income account is credited upon collection of the cash or its equivalent. Fines and Penalties. Fines and penalties, either on tax revenues or other specific income accounts, shall be recognized as income of the year these were collected. Other Receipts. Other receipts of national government agencies shall be comprised of, but not limited to the following: 1. Refund of cash advances – When cash advances for official travels are granted, the account â€Å"Due from Officers and Employees† is debited and when refunds are made, the same account is credited. Cash advances for salaries and wages shall be recorded as debits to the account â€Å"Cash-Disbursing Officers† and any refunds thereof shall be credited to the same account. 2. Receipts of performance/bidders/bail bonds – Performance bond posted by contractor or supplier to guaranty full and faithful performance of their contract may be in the form of cash or certified checks or surety. Performance bond in cash or certified check shall be acknowledged by the issuance of official receipt and recorded in the book of accounts by the Accountant thru a Journal Entry Voucher (JEV) for the purpose. In case of surety bond, an acknowledgement receipt shall be issued by the authorized official. 3. Refund for overpayment of expenses – Refunds as a result of overpayment of expenses shall be recorded as a credit to the appropriate expense account if paid in the same year or to Prior Years’ Adjustments if paid in the ensuing year. This transaction shall reduce the amount of expense previously recorded. 4. Collections made on behalf of another agency or private companies – Collections made on behalf of other agencies which are later remitted to them are recorded under accounts â€Å"Due to NGAs†, â€Å"Due to LGUs† or â€Å" Due to GOCCs† as the case maybe. Authorized collections made on behalf of private entities, like shares of proponents of Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Projects are recorded as â€Å"Other Payables†. 5. Inter-agency transferred funds – Cash received from another agency for the purpose of implementing projects of that agency is recorded in the books as a credit to account â€Å"Due to NGAs† or â€Å"Due to LGUs†, as the case maybe. Deposit of Collections. All Collecting Officers shall deposit intact all their collections, as well as collections turned over to them by sub-collectors/tellers, with AGDB daily or not later than the next banking day. They shall record all deposits made in the Cash Receipts Record. Reporting of Collections and Deposits. At the close of each business day, the Collecting Officers shall accomplish the Report of Collections and Deposits (RCD) in accordance with the instructions provided in Volume II of the NGAS Manual for the RCD. All collections shall be deposited with AGDB for the account of the agency or the Treasurer of the Philippines daily or not later than the next banking day. Procedures for Collections and Deposits Through the Collecting Officer |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. Activity | | | | | |Cash Unit | |Daily | | Designated Staff |1 |Receives cash/check from payor representing collection | | | |based on the Order of Payment (OP) prepared by the | | | |Accounting Unit. | | | | | | |2 |Issues Official Receipt (OR) to acknowledge receipt of | | | |cash/check. | | | | | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |Funding Checks received by the Cashier/ Collecting Officer | | | |of the RO/OU for its operational requirements shall be | | | |issued corresponding OR.. | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |Separate sets of ORs shall be used for the RA and NG Books. | | | | | | |Note 3 | | | |The OR shall be prepared in three copies and shall be | | | |distributed as follows: | | | | Original – Payor | | | | Copy 2 – To be attached to the Report of Collections| | | |and Deposits (RCD) | | | | Copy 3 – Cash Unit file | | | | | | |3 |Records collections in the Cash Receipts Record (CRR). | | | | | | | |Note 4 | | | |Separate CRR shall be maintained for collections under the | | | |RA and NG Books. | | | | | | |4 |Prepares Deposit Slip (DS) in three copies. | | | | | | |Note 5 | | | |The DS shall be distributed as follows: | | | | Original – AGDB | | | | Copy 2 – To be attached to RCD | | | | Copy 3 – Cash Unit file | | | | | | |5 |Deposits collections with AGDB. | | | | | | |Note 6 | | | |Collections pertaining to NG Books shall be deposited with | | | |the AGDB for the account of the Treasurer of the | | | |Philippines | | | | | | |6 |Based on the validated DS from the AGDB and copy of the ORs| | | |on file, prepares Report of Collections and Deposits (RCD) | | | |in two copies. Initials on the RCD and forwards the same | | | |together with Copy 2 of the ORs and DS to the Head of the | | | |Cash Unit for review and signature. | | | | |Head of the Cash Unit |7 |Reviews and signs the RCD. Forwards original of RCD, Copy 2| | | |of the ORs and DS to the Designated Staff for submission to| | | |the Accounting Unit. | | | | | | | |Note 7 | | | |The RCD shall be distributed as follows: | | | |Original – Accounting Unit together with Copy No. of the | | | |ORs and DS – to support the JEV | | | |Copy 2 – Cash Unit file | | | | | |Designated Staff |8 |Records the RCD in the logbook maintained and forwards the | | | |same with the ORs and DS to the Accounting Unit for | | | |recording in the books of accounts. | | | | | |Accounting Unit | | | |Accounting Staff |9 |Receives original of RCD with Copy 2 of the ORs and DS from| | | |the Cash Unit. Records receipt in the logbook maintained | | | |for the purpose and forwards the same to the Bookkeeper for| | | |review and preparation of the JEV. | | | | |Bookkeeper |10 |Based on the RCD, prepares JEV in two copies and signs | | | |â€Å"Prepared by† portion of the JEV. Forwards the JEV and | | | |documents to the Head of the Accounting Unit for review and| | | |signature. | |Head of the Accounting Unit|11 |Reviews and signs ‘Certified Correct by’ portion of the | | | |JEV. Forwards the JEV and documents to the Bookkeeper for | | | |recording in the Cash Receipt Journal (CRJ) and/or Cash | | | |Journal (CJ) as the case may be. | | |Note 8 | | | |CRJ shall be used to record collection under the RA Books | | | |while the CJ shall be used to record collections under the | | | |NG Books. | | | | | | | |Note 9 | | | |For the suc ceeding activities, refer to Sec. 1, | | | |Preparation and Submission of Trial Balances and Other | | | |Reports. | Procedures for Collections through Accredited Agent Banks (AAB) |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | | |Accounting Unit | | | |Receiving/ Releasing Staff |1 |Receives collection documents from the AAB/AGDB. Records | | | |receipt in the logbook maintained for the purpose. Forwards| | | |the same to the Bookkeeper for preparation of the JEV. | | | | | | Bookkeeper |2 |Based on the received collection documents, prepares JEV in| | | |two copies, Signs â€Å"Prepared by† portion of the JEV. | | | |Forwards the JEV and documents to the Head of the | | | |Accounting Unit for review and signature. | | | | |Head of the Accounting Unit |3 |Reviews and signs â€Å"Certified Correct by† portion of the | | | |JEV. Forwards the JEV and documents to the Bookkeeper for | | | |recording in the General Journal (GJ). | | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |For the succeeding activities, refer to Sec. 71, | | | |Preparation and Submission of Trial Balances and Other | | | |Reports. | | | | Dishonored Checks. There are instances that checks received by Collecting Officers in payment of taxes, fees and other debt due the government are dishonored by the drawee banks. A check is said to be dishonored by non-payment when, upon its being duly presented for payment, such payment is refused or cannot be obtained. (Sec. 83, RA No. 2031, Negotiable Instrument Law). It may also be defined as those checks paid to the agency, which were dishonored by the AGDB due to Drawn Against Insufficient Fund (DAIF) or Drawn Against Uncleared Deposits (DAUD). Procedures in Recording Dishonored Checks |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility |No. |Activity | | | | | |Cash Unit | | | |Designated Staff |1 |Receives from AGDB the Debit Memo (DM) and copies of | | | |dishonored checks. | | | | | |2 |Verifies the dishonored checks against the previous months’| | | |RCDs maintained on file to ascertain that the checks were | | | |included in the previous months’ collections. If not | | | |included, verifies from AGDB the details of the dishonored | | | |checks. | | | | | | |3 |If dishonored checks are included in the RCDs, prepares | | | |Notice of Dishonor to inform the drawers/indorsers/payors | | | |that the checks were dishonored by the AGDB. | | | | | | |Note 1 | | | |The Notice of Dishonor shall be prepared in three copies | | | |and shall be distributed as follows: | | | | Original – Drawer (To be delivered personally or thru | | | |registered mail) | | | | Copy 2 – Accounting Unit file | | | | Copy 3 – Cash Unit file | | | | | | |4 |Retrieves from file copy of the OR covering the dishonored | | | |check and indicates in the OR the following notation: | | | | | | | |â€Å"Cancelled (date of Notice of Dishonor) per Bank | | | |Debit/Voucher No. _____ dated _________† | | | | | | |5 |Retrieves CRR on file and records the dishonored checks | | | |with the ollowing notation: | | | | | | | |â€Å"To take up Bank’s Debit Memo No. ___ dated ____ covering | | | |Check No. ___ for P ____________ acknowledged under OR No. | | | |_____ dated _______†. | | | | | | |6 |Prepares list of dishonored checks in two copies. Forwards | | | |Copy 2 of the list and the dishonored checks to the | | | |Accounting Unit for preparation of the JEV. | | | | |Accounting Unit |7 |Receives the list together with originals of dishonored | |Accounting Staff | |checks and the Debit Memo from the Cash Unit and records | | | |the same in the logbook maintained for the purpose. | | |8 |Based on the li st, prepares the JEV in two copies. Signs | | | |â€Å"Prepared by† portion of the JEV and forwards the same to | | | |the Head of the Accounting Unit for review and signature. | | | | | |Head of the Accounting Unit |9 |Reviews and signs â€Å"Certified Correct by† portion of the | | | |JEV. Forwards the JEV supported by the list, originals of | | | |dishonored checks and notice of dishonor to the Bookkeeper | | | |for recording in the books of accounts. | | | | | | | |Note 2 | | | |For the succeeding activities, refer to Sec. 71, | | | |Preparation and Submission of Trial Balances and Other | | | |Reports. | 30 DISBURSEMENTS Disbursements Defined. Disbursements constitute all cash paid out during a given period either in currency (cash) or by check. It may also mean the settlement of government payables/obligations by cash or by check. It shall be covered by Disbursement Voucher (DV)/Petty Cash Voucher (PCV) or payroll. Basic Requirements for Disbursements. The basic requirements applicable to all types of disbursements made by national government agencies are as follows: 1. Existence of a lawful and sufficient allotment certified as available by the Budget Officer; 2. Existence of a valid obligation certified by the Chief Accountant/Head of Accounting Unit; 3. Legality of transactions and conformity with laws, rules and regulation; 4. Approval of the expense by the Chief of Office or by his duly authorized representative; and 5. Submission of proper evidence to establish the claim. Disbursements System. The Disbursements System involves the preparation and processing of disbursement voucher (DV); preparation and issuance of check; payment by cash; granting, utilization, and liquidation/replenishment of cash advances. Certification on Disbursements. Disbursements from government funds shall require the following certifications on the DV: 1. Certification and approval of vouchers and payrolls as to validity, propriety and legality of the claim (Box A of DV) by head of the department or office who has administrative control of the fund concerned; 2. Necessary documents supporting the DV and payrolls as certified and reviewed by the Accountant/Head of Accounting Unit (Box B of DV); and 3. Certification that funds are available for the purpose by the Accountant/Head of Accounting Unit (Box B of DV). Disbursements by Checks. Checks shall be drawn only on duly approved DV or PCV. These shall be reported and recorded in the books of accounts only when actually released to the respective payees. Two types of checks are being issued by government agencies as follows: 1. Modified Disbursement System (MDS) Checks – issued by government agencies chargeable against the account of the Treasurer of the Philippines, which are maintained with different MDS – Government Servicing Banks (GSBs). These are covered by Notice of Cash Allocation, an authorization issued by the DBM to government agencies to withdraw cash from the National Treasury through the issuance of MDS checks or other authorized mode of disbursements. 2. Commercial Checks – issued by government agencies chargeable against the Agency Checking Account with GSBs. These are covered by income/receipts authorized to be deposited with AGDBs; and funding checks received by RO/OUs from COs/ROs, respectively. Recording of Check Disbursements in the Check Disbursements Record (CkDR). All checks issued including cancelled checks shall be recorded chronologically in the CkDR. The dates checks were actually released shall be indicated in the appropriate column provided for in the CkDR. Reporting of Checks Issued/Released. All checks actually released to claimants shall be included in the Report of Checks Issued (RCI), which shall be prepared daily by the Cashier. The RCI shall be submitted to the Accounting Unit for the preparation of JEV. All unreleased checks as of the report date shall be enumerated in a â€Å"List of Unreleased Checks† to be attached to the RCI. Procedures for Disbursements by Checks. |Area of |Seq. | | |Responsibility | How to cite Ngas Manual, Essay examples

This Capstone Class Practice of Ethical and Social Responsibility

After completing the University Studies program at Portland State University that aims at developing student’s inquiry, critical thinking, diversity, ethical and social responsibility, and communication, I have considerably deepen my understanding of responsibility, both ethical and social. This capstone class, the final class of my curriculum, gives me an opportunity to not only demonstrate the gained knowledge and skills, but also share the experience with the other students and, probably, help another person find the just right way. I have worked as a Volunteer Leader with Hands on Greater Portland. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on This Capstone Class: Practice of Ethical and Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This model of volunteering has been created in 1996 as a circle of friends who tried to make this world better and be helpful to lots of people, sick and disable chi ldren in particular. With time, Hands on Greater Portland has become rather a successful model. Numerous projects, such as Civic Leaders, have been added during the last decade. Such programs provide people with the opportunities to change the world, make a difference, and gain understanding of numerous issues. From my own experience in Hands on Greater Portland, after numerous readings and class discussions, now, it is easy for me to give a clear explanation to ethical and social responsibility, and compare it with social justice and civic leadership. To start my writing, I would like to clear up two major notions: ethics and social responsibility. Ethics is a person’s belief about what is right and what is wrong. Unfortunately, not every person cares too much about ethical issues. People take one position taking into account own moral principles only. This is why the explanation of ethics may differ person to person. In its turn, social responsibility is a kind of ethical behavior. Social responsibility helps to enhance society in general. At the beginning of my practice, I was not sure that I knew everything about social and ethics responsibility. To my mind, the variety of teachers’ strategies prevents students from clear understanding of issues concerning ethics and social responsibility. With the help of my practice in Hands on Greater Portland, it becomes a bit easier to clear up the goals of ethical and social responsibility. The goals have a certain connection to the service projects taking by the members of Hands on Greater Portland. The purposes are to respect oneself, to respect the others, and to respect the place, you live in. The essence of ethics and social responsibility is the understanding of how your actions and your behavior affect the other people. It is necessary to realize that you are responsible for everything you do. This is what social justice is also about. This is what I have learnt during my practice. What do we k now about just society? Is it a myth or it is something real? The answer to this question I also want to find during my classes and practice. Lots of people prefer to live in just society. However, numerous ideologies and standpoints prevent this very idea of social justice. This is why each personality should, first, think about own actions and their consequences and then pay attention to the actions of other people, and help them. Such ideas and understanding of the matter is the major issues that I have learnt during this class. When the class is over, I try to do everything possible in order to change my life and be useful for the others.Advertising Looking for critical writing on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also necessary to underline the influence of readings and other activities during the classes. Their influence is great indeed. It is not that easy to visit the first class and get a clear understand ing of what, when, and how should be done. With the help of illustrative examples, described in the educative books and brochures, it was not that difficult for me to choose the right actions. Class discussions and activities with my fellows played a significant role to me. I come to the conclusion that it is better to get an understanding of ethics and social responsibility while talking and analyzing everything with some other people. The philosophy of every people is unique indeed. When a person makes decisions independently, it is impossible to consider the points of view of other people. During numerous conversations and after taking into consideration the material from the books, I was ready to present my own position concerning ethics and social responsibility and prove it, and, at the same time, pay attention to principles of other people and their standpoints. My work as a Volunteer Leader helped me give insight into civic leadership in many ways. For example, the program concerning reduce, recycle, and reuse the material is great indeed. Teens have a good opportunity to think over possible ways on how the already used building material can be reused. Interesting hands-on projects, after school mentors programs, and help for sick children – this is what rouse my interest a lot. From the very first days, I realized that such work was something that I could really like. Now, I also understand that ethics and social responsibility have lots in common with civic leadership. All of them support and facilitate work between students and children, encourage students to live enlightened lives full of interesting events, develop the sensitivity to human condition, deepen the understanding of social issues, their complexity, and importance, provide leadership opportunities, and promote understanding of global citizenship. Studied theory and practice also helped me distinguish certain ethical tradeoffs in the frames of social responsibility and justice. It is known that conflicts and misunderstandings between people may bring to unbelievable results: quarrels in families, divorces, loneliness, losses, and even wars. To my mind, one of the most important ethical tradeoff is the ability to listen to the ideas of other people, take them into consideration, compare them with the own ones, think over each details, and not make fast decisions. Such approach for deciding problems of society is good, however, not every person can boast with such self-control and abilities to help the other control the situation. This is why it can be really great if at classes, students get opportunities to not only demonstrate the abilities and knowledge, but also study how to solve conflicts and help other people do the same. All this is possible by means of communication, discussion, evaluation, and deep analysis. Such class activities also helped me clear up the purposes of my life and ideas for my future career. As it has been already mentioned, the purpose of ethics and social responsibility is the idea of respect. Its understanding has a great value to me. When a person grows up, his/her values, moral principles, and preferences can be changed. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on This Capstone Class: Practice of Ethical and Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such changes are usually caused by political, economical, and religious ideologies that considerably influence people’s life. To stay loyal to own principles and consider the ideas of people surround you is not easy. It is impossible to create one concrete system and make everyone follow it. This is why it is better to learn and be able to respect each other and be ready to help. There are lots of things, which I would like to take away with me after this capstone class. This practice, the abilities, and knowledge, I have gained, mean a lot to me. There are so many p eople who have lots of interesting ideas and really good intentions. Unfortunately, not every one knows about such a good program as Hands on Greater Portland. This service helps students develop personal abilities and critical thinking. As for me, this practice and the classes were great. I have learnt how to communicate with people about different issues and be involved in any conversation, how to help people and choose unique ways to achieve the desirable goal, how to plan and organize my actions in order to change the world somehow and make someone a bit happier. To my mind, students have to take such practices at this very age – it is not too late to learn something new and change own moral principles, and it is just the time when students can accept and analyze all the necessary information in a proper way. So, the activities and information I have learnt during the class will be rather helpful to me in future in order to become a person who will be respected by peopl e. This critical writing on This Capstone Class: Practice of Ethical and Social Responsibility was written and submitted by user Weston W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.